Ubusika obukhulu (09.01.2023) – 23 July 2023 bekuyiSonto Elimnyama ledolobha lase-Odesa nase-Ukraine. Lapho abantu base-Ukrainian kanye nomhlaba wonke bephaphama, bathola ngokwesaba nentukuthelo ukuthi inhliziyo yeNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO, i-Orthodox Transfiguration Cathedral yayilinyazwe kanzima isiteleka semicibisholo saseRussia. Amazwi aphakanyiswa ngokushesha ukulahla nokubhikisha ngokumelene nalobu bugebengu obusha bempi futhi i-UNESCO yathumela ngokushesha umsebenzi wokuthola iqiniso e-Odesa.
Umhlaba usigxekile isiteleka semicibisholo saseRussia sobugebengu. Manje kufanele isize i-Ukraine ukuthi yakhe kabusha isonto elingokomlando, kusho i-UNESCO.
Bheka Ingxenye I LAPHA futhi ubone izithombe zomonakalo LAPHA.
(indatshana ibhalwe ngu Willy Fautre futhi Ievgeniia Gidulianova)
UDkt. Ievgeniia Gidulianova uneziqu ze-Ph.D. kwezomthetho futhi wayenguSolwazi Ohlangene eMnyangweni Wezinqubo Zobugebengu we-Odesa Law Academy phakathi kuka-2006 no-2021.
Manje usengummeli emsebenzini wangasese futhi ungumxhumanisi we-NGO ezinze eBrussels Human Rights Without Frontiers.
Isiyaluyalu samazwe ngamazwe
Inxusa laseBrithani e-Ukraine uMelinda Simmons waphawula ukuthi zazingekho izindawo zempi enkabeni ye-Odesa.
"Kuyidolobha elihle lase-Ukraine, iNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO, okuthunyelwa ngamachweba ukudla okubalulekile kwamanye amazwe," kusho uSimmons.
Inxusa laseMelika e-Ukraine, uBridget Brink uthe: “IRussia isaqhubeka nokuhlasela izakhamuzi nengqalasizinda e-Odesa. KuyiNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba futhi iyichweba elibalulekile ekuvikelekeni kokudla emhlabeni wonke.” wathi Inxusa laseMelika e-Ukraine uBridget Brink.
Ugcizelele ukuthi impi engafanele yaseRussia ngokumelene ne-Ukraine nabantu bayo inemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, inxusa lakhuluma nge-Transfiguration Cathedral ebhujisiwe, eyakhiwa kabusha ekuqaleni kwaleli khulu leminyaka ngemva kokuba iqhunyiswe ngomyalo kaStalin ngeminyaka yama-30s ekhulwini elidlule.
EU Ummeleli Ophakeme we-European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy UJosep Borrell wabiza isiteleka sasebusuku sika-Odesa ngobunye ubugebengu bempi yaseRussia futhi wabhala ku-Twitter: "Ukuhlasela kwe-missile yaseRussia okungapheli ngokumelene ne-Odesa evikelwe yi-UNESCO kungelinye icala lempi le-Kremlin, eliphinde lacekela phansi isonto elikhulu lama-Orthodox, iNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba. IRussia kakade isicekele phansi amakhulukhulu ezindawo zamasiko ngomzamo wokucekela phansi i-Ukraine.”
Unobhala-Jikelele we-UN u-António Guterres ukugxeke kakhulu ukuhlasela kwemicibisholo yaseRussia e-Odesa, eyabulala abantu ababili futhi yalimaza i-Transfiguration Cathedral, kanye nezinye izakhiwo zomlando eziningana enkabeni yomlando yedolobha. Isitatimende mayelana nalokhu umcimbi, owenziwe u-Stéphane Dujarric, uMkhulumeli kaNobhala-Jikelele, ushicilelwe kusizindalwazi esisemthethweni senhlangano ngeSonto zingama-23 kuJulayi.
Lesi sitatimende sibize ukudutshulwa kwesonto lombhishobhi nezinye izikhumbuzo zomlando “ukuhlasela kwendawo evikelwe i-World Heritage Convention, okuphula iSivumelwano SaseHague Sango-1954 Sokuvikelwa Kwempahla Yamasiko Esigamekweni Sezingxabano Zezikhali,” okwenzeka “ngo-XNUMX. ngaphezu kokubulawa kwabantu okunyantisayo okulethwa impi.”
Umkhulumeli we-UN uphawule ukuthi selokhu kwaqala ukuhlasela kweRussia ngokugcwele e-Ukraine, i-UNESCO isiqinisekise umonakalo ezindaweni zamasiko okungenani ezingama-270 e-Ukraine, okuhlanganisa nezindawo zenkolo eziyi-116. UNobhala-Jikelele we-UN ucela i-Russian Federation ukuthi imise ngokushesha ukuhlaselwa kwezinto ezivikelwe "imibhalo yamazwe ngamazwe egunyazwe kabanzi", ingqalasizinda yabantu base-Ukraine kanye nezakhamuzi zayo, kusho uDujarric.
I-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) iphinde yakhipha isitatimende esigxeka kakhulu ukuhlasela kweRussia okusha ezindaweni ezingamaGugu Omhlaba e-Odessa.
“Lokhu kucekelwa phansi ngendlela enyantisayo kubonisa ukwanda kodlame olubhekiswe esikweni lase-Ukraine. Ngikugxeka kakhulu lokhu kuhlaselwa kwamasiko futhi nginxusa iRussian Federation ukuthi ithathe izinyathelo ezakhayo ukuze ifeze izibopho zayo ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa neSivumelwano SaseHague Sango-1954 Sokuvikelwa Kwempahla Yamasiko Esimeni Sezingxabano Nezikhali kanye Nomhlangano Wamagugu Womhlaba ka-1972,” kusho uMqondisi-Jikelele we-UNESCO u-Audrey Azoulay.
Lokhu kuhlasela kungqubuzana nezitatimende zakamuva zeziphathimandla zase-Russia mayelana nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezithathiwe ukuze kugcinwe amasayithi Amagugu Omhlaba e-Ukraine, okuhlanganisa nezindawo ezivikelekile.
Ukucekelwa phansi kwezinto zamasiko ngamabomu kungalinganiswa nobugebengu bempi, obubuye buqashelwe yiNhlangano Yezokuphepha Yezizwe Ezihlangene, lapho iRussian Federation iyilungu layo elihlala njalo, ku-Resolution 2347 (2017).
UMnyango Wezokuvikela waseRussia Kuqinisekisiwe ukuhlaselwa kwedolobha kodwa wakuphika ukuthi inhloso yesiteleka kwakuyiSonto Lokuguqula isimo, indawo yenkolo eyonakele kakhulu. Le nhlangano ithi idubule kuphela "ezindaweni zokulungiselela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngokumelene neRussian Federation", futhi "ukuhlela iziteleka ngezikhali ezinembayo ephezulu" kukhiphe ngamabomu ukunqotshwa kwezinhloso zomphakathi. Ithempeli, ngokusho kombutho wezempi waseRussia, lonakele ngenxa “yezenzo zokungafundi zabasebenzi bezokuvikela emoyeni base-Ukraine.” Ngasikhathi sinye, iRussia phakathi nempi yashaya kaningi izindawo ezazihlosiwe ngezikhali ezinembayo - futhi isikhathi ngasinye ikuphika ngokuphelele, ngisho nalapho umthwalo wayo wawusobala ngokuphelele.
izinhlangano eziningana Ukraine, kuhlanganise I-Workshop Yezifundo Zenkolo Yezemfundo kanye Nesikhungo Senkululeko Yezenkolo, ukuqapha ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zenkolo ngenxa yempi yaseRussia e-Ukraine. Ngokusho kwedatha yabo, emhlabeni 500 izakhiwo zenkolo, izikhungo zemfundo yezenkolo nezindawo ezingcwele e-Ukraine ziye zonakaliswa kabi noma zacekelwa phansi. Izakhiwo eziningi zama-Orthodox zingezase-Ukraine Orthodox Church (UOC).
“Sicela usizo lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kubuyiselwe i-Transfiguration Cathedral”
UMnyango Wezamasiko Nenqubomgomo Yolwazi wase-Ukraine ibiza ku umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukusiza ekubuyiselweni kwezikhumbuzo zamagugu amasiko futhi ulungiselela izikhalo ezifanele eKomidini Lamagugu Omhlaba le-UNESCO kanye ne-Second Protocol yeSivumelwano sase-Hague.
Ngomhla ziyisi-9 kuNcwaba wezi-2023, i-UNESCO enikeziwe imiphumela yokuqala yomsebenzi wayo wochwepheshe, inhloso yawo bekuwukuhlola umonakalo odalwe kumagugu amasiko e-Odessa. Ezikhumbuzo zamasiko ze-52 ezibikwe yiziphathimandla zase-Ukraine ukuthi zonakaliswe ekuhlaselweni kweRussia, ochwepheshe be-UNESCO bakwazi ukuhlola izindawo ze-10 ezithinteke kakhulu.
Iningi labo, kuhlanganise i-Transfiguration Cathedral, iNdlu yoSosayensi kanye ne-Literary Museum, zahlolwa ngochwepheshe njengokuthi “zilimele kakhulu”. Ochwepheshe baphinde baphawula ukuthi ezinye izakhiwo zomlando ziye zaba sengozini kakhulu ngenxa yokulwa futhi, ngakho-ke, zisengozini yokulimala okukhulu uma kwenzeka ukuhlaselwa okusha, okungase kuhambisane namagagasi okuqhuma nokudlidliza.
Abamele Umkhandlu Wamazwe Ngamazwe Wokulondolozwa Kwezikhumbuzo Zomlando Namasiko (ICOMOS) kanye Nesikhungo Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokulondolozwa Nokubuyiselwa Kwempahla Yesiko babambe iqhaza kulo msebenzi. Phakathi kwemisebenzi yabo kwakuwukuhlonza izinto ezisongela ubuqotho bezinto zamasiko kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo eziphuthumayo okuhloswe ngazo ukuzilondoloza nokuzivikela ekulimaleni okwengeziwe.
Imiphumela enemininingwane yale mishini izoqoqwa embikweni ozoshicilelwa ngoDisemba emhlanganweni wamaqembu eNgqungquthela yaseHague ka-1954. Izohlinzeka ngolwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nobukhulu bomonakalo, kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela nokubuyiselwa kwezindawo zamagugu zamasiko e-Odesa, ezihlongozwe ngochwepheshe be-UNESCO. Kodwa i-UNESCO isivele ihlanganise uxhaso oluphuthumayo lomsebenzi wokuqala wokubuyisela. I-UNESCO ibika ukuthi izimali ezengeziwe zabiwe ku-Fund for the Preservation of Heritage in Emergency Situations - USD 169,000 - ukuze kwenziwe ngokushesha umsebenzi wokuvikela izikhumbuzo zamasiko futhi kuhlolwe umonakalo.
