Izigxivizo zeminwe zomuntu kumagesi okushisa

Amagesi abamba ukushisa avela ngokwemvelo futhi abalulekile ekusindeni kwabantu nezigidi zezinye izinto eziphilayo, ngokugcina okunye ukufudumala kwelanga kungabonakali emuva emkhathini nokwenza uMhlaba uphile. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu nengxenye yokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nokulima ngezinga elikhulu, amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini aye akhuphuka afinyelela izinga elingakaze libonwe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezintathu. Njengoba inani labantu, umnotho kanye namazinga okuphila akhula, kanjalo nezinga elikhulayo lokukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa (GHGs).

Kunezixhumanisi zesayensi eziyisisekelo ezisungulwe kahle:

• Ukugcwala kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini womhlaba kuxhumene ngokuqondile nezinga lokushisa elivamile eMhlabeni;
• Ukugxila bekulokhu kukhuphuka kancane kancane, futhi kusho amazinga okushisa omhlaba kanye nawo, kusukela ngesikhathi seNguquko Yezimboni;
• I-GHG eningi kakhulu, ibalwa cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zama-GHG, i-carbon dioxide (CO₂), ikakhulukazi umkhiqizo wokushiswa kwezinto ezimbiwa phansi.

I-UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Ithimba Lohulumeni Bezizwe Ngesimo Sezulu Chi-ange (IPCC) yasungulwa ngu I-World Meteorological Organization (WMO) futhi I-United Nations Environment ukuhlinzeka ngomthombo oyinhloso wolwazi lwesayensi.

Umbiko Wesithupha Wokuhlola

Umbiko Wokuhlola Wesithupha we-IPCC, ozokhishwa ngoNdasa wezi-2023, uhlinzeka ngemininingwane yesimo solwazi ngesayensi yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu, ugcizelela imiphumela emisha kusukela kwashicilelwa uMbiko Wokuhlola Wesihlanu ngowezi-2014. AmaQembu Asebenzayo amathathu e-IPCC - kwisayensi yezemvelo; imithelela, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokuba sengozini; kanye nokunciphisa – kanye nasemibikweni eKhethekile emithathu emayelana Ukushisa Kwembulunga yonke okungu-1.5°C, ku Ukuguquguquka Kwesimo Sezulu Nomhlaba, naku- Ulwandle kanye neCryosphere esimweni sezulu esishintshayo.

Esikwaziyo ngokusekelwe emibikweni ye-IPCC:

• Akungabazeki ukuthi ithonya lomuntu liye lafudumeza umkhathi, ulwandle nomhlaba. Izinguquko ezisabalele futhi ezisheshayo emkhathini, ulwandle, i-cryosphere kanye ne-biosphere zenzekile.
• Izinga lezinguquko zakamuva kulo lonke uhlelo lwesimo sezulu - kanye nesimo samanje sezinto eziningi zesistimu yesimo sezulu - azikaze zibe khona emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka kuya ezinkulungwaneni eziningi zeminyaka.
• Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu okubangelwa abantu sekuvele kuthinta isimo sezulu esiningi nesimo sezulu esibi kuzo zonke izifunda emhlabeni jikelele. Ubufakazi bezinguquko ezibonwayo ezimweni ezeqisayo ezinjengamagagasi okushisa, imvula enkulu, isomiso, neziphepho zasezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi, ikakhulukazi, ukuchayeka kwakho ngenxa yethonya lomuntu, kuye kwaqina kusukela kumbiko Wokuhlola Wesihlanu.
• Cishe abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezi-3.3 kuya ku-3.6 bahlala ezimweni ezisengozini enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
• Ukuba sengozini kwezinhlelo zemvelo kanye nabantu ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kwehluka kakhulu phakathi kwezifunda nangaphakathi.
• Uma ukufudumala kwembulunga kudlula isikhashana ku-1.5°C emashumini eminyaka ezayo noma kamuva, khona-ke izinhlelo eziningi zabantu nezemvelo zizobhekana nezingozi ezinkulu ezengeziwe, uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlala ngaphansi kuka-1.5°C.
• Ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-GHG kuwo wonke umkhakha wamandla aphelele kudinga izinguquko ezinkulu, okuhlanganisa nokuncipha okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli wezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi, ukuthunyelwa kwemithombo yamandla ekhishwa kancane, ukushintshela kwezinye izithwali zamandla, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kanye nokongiwa.

I-Global Warmhttps://europeantimes.news/environment/ukushisa kwe-1.5 ° C

Ngo-Okthoba 2018 i-IPCC yakhipha a umbiko okhethekile ngemithelela yokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okungu-1.5°C, ukuthola ukuthi ukukhawulela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ku-1.5°C kuzodinga izinguquko ezisheshayo, ezifinyelele kude nezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili kuzo zonke izici zomphakathi. Ngezinzuzo ezicacile kubantu nasezimisweni zemvelo zemvelo, umbiko wathola ukuthi ukukhawulela ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ku-1.5°C uma kuqhathaniswa no-2°C kungahambisana nokuqinisekisa umphakathi ozinzile futhi onokulingana. Nakuba izilinganiso zangaphambilini bezigxile ekulinganiseni umonakalo uma izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lingakhuphuka ngo-2°C, lo mbiko ubonisa ukuthi imithelela eminingi emibi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu izofika ku-1.5°C.

Lo mbiko uphinda ugqamise imithelela eminingi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu engagwenywa ngokukhawulela ukufudumala komhlaba ku-1.5ºC uma kuqhathaniswa no-2ºC, noma ngaphezulu. Isibonelo, ngo-2100, ukuphakama kwezinga lolwandle emhlabeni wonke kuzoba ngaphansi ngo-10 cm nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okungu-1.5°C uma kuqhathaniswa no-2°C. Amathuba okuthi i-Arctic Ocean engenalo iqhwa olwandle ehlobo ingaba kanye ekhulwini ngalinye nokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okungu-1.5°C, uma kuqhathaniswa okungenani kanye eshumini ngalinye no-2°C. Izixhobo zamakhorali zizokwehla ngamaphesenti angama-70-90 ngokufudumala kwembulunga yonke okungu-1.5°C, kuyilapho cishe zonke (> 99 amaphesenti) zizolahleka ngo-2ºC.

Umbiko uthola ukuthi ukunciphisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke ku-1.5°C kungadinga izinguquko “ezisheshayo nezifinyelela kude” emhlabeni, amandla, izimboni, izakhiwo, ezokuthutha namadolobha. Ukukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide (CO2) okubangelwa umuntu emhlabeni wonke kuzodinga ukuthi kwehle ngamaphesenti angaba ngu-45 ukusuka kumazinga ka-2010 ngo-2030, kufinyelele 'ku-net zero' cishe ngo-2050. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yikuphi ukukhishwa okusele kuzodinga ukulingana ngokususa i-CO2 ku-COXNUMX umoya.

Amathuluzi ezomthetho weZizwe Ezihlangene

Umhlangano weUnited Nations Uhlaka Lokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu

Umndeni we-UN uhamba phambili emzamweni wokusindisa iplanethi yethu. Ngo-1992, i-"Earth Summit" yayo yakhiqiza i- I-United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) njengesinyathelo sokuqala sokubhekana nenkinga yokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. Namuhla, inobulungu obuseduze bomhlaba wonke. Amazwe ayi-197 asemukele Isivumelwano Ayingxenye Yesivumelwano. Inhloso enkulu yalesi Sivumelwano ukuvimbela ukuphazamiseka kwabantu “okuyingozi” ohlelweni lwesimo sezulu.

I-Kyoto Protocol

Ngo-1995, amazwe aqala izingxoxo zokuqinisa ukusabela emhlabeni jikelele ekuguqukeni kwesimo sezulu, futhi, eminyakeni emibili kamuva, amukela I-Kyoto Protocol. I-Kyoto Protocol ibophezela ngokusemthethweni Amaqembu athuthukile ezinhlosweni zokunciphisa ukungcola. Isikhathi sokuqala sokuzibophezela kweProthokholi saqala ngo-2008 saze saphela ngo-2012. Isikhathi sesibili sokuzibophezela saqala mhla lu-1 kuMasingana 2013 saphela ngo-2020. Manje sekunabahlanganyeli abayi-198 kuNgqungquthela kanye nezinhlangano eziyi-192 zeSivumelwano. I-Kyoto Protocol

Isivumelwano Paris