Abacwaningi benze isixazululo sezokuphepha ngale chip encane yamamodeli e-AI alambele amandla anikeza isivikelo ekuhlaselweni okubili okuvamile.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuqapha impilo ingasiza abantu ukuphatha izifo ezingelapheki noma bahlale belandela imigomo yokufaneleka, bengasebenzisi lutho ngaphandle kwe-smartphone. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza zinganensa futhi zingasebenzi kahle ngenxa yokuthi amamodeli omshini wokufunda amakhulu awanika amandla kufanele avalelwe phakathi kwe-smartphone neseva yememori emaphakathi.
Onjiniyela bavame ukusheshisa izinto besebenzisa i-hardware enciphisa isidingo sokuhambisa idatha engaka uye phambili naphambili. Nakuba lezi zisheshisi zokufunda ngomshini zikwazi ukwenza lula ukubala, zisengozini kubahlaseli abangantshontsha ulwazi oluyimfihlo.
Ukuze kuncishiswe lokhu kuba sengozini, abacwaningi abavela ku-MIT kanye ne-MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab badale isisheshisi sokufunda ngomshini esimelana nezinhlobo ezimbili ezivame kakhulu zokuhlasela. I-chip yabo ingagcina amarekhodi ezempilo omsebenzisi, ulwazi lwezezimali, noma enye idatha ebucayi iyimfihlo kuyilapho isavumela amamodeli amakhulu e-AI ukuthi asebenze kahle kumadivayisi.
Ithimba lithuthukise ukulungiselelwa okuningana okunika amandla ukuvikeleka okuqinile kuyilapho lehlisa kancane idivayisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphepha okungeziwe akuthinti ukunemba kwezibalo. Lesi sisheshisi sokufunda umshini singaba nenzuzo ikakhulukazi ekufuneni izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-AI ezifana ne-augmented and virtual reality noma ukushayela ukuzimela.
Nakuba ukusebenzisa i-chip kungenza idivayisi ibize kancane futhi ingabi namandla okusebenza, lokho ngezinye izikhathi kuyinani elifanele lokukhokhela ukuphepha, kusho umlobi oholayo uMaitreyi Ashok, umfundi oneziqu zobunjiniyela bukagesi kanye nesayensi yekhompyutha (EECS) e-MIT.
“Kubalulekile ukuklama ubheka ukuphepha kusukela phansi kuya phezulu. Uma uzama ukungeza ngisho nenani elincane lokuphepha ngemva kokuklanywa kwesistimu, kubiza kakhulu. Sikwazile ukulinganisa ngempumelelo okuningi kwalokhu kuhwebelana ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuklama, ”kusho u-Ashok.
Ababhali abakanye naye bahlanganisa uSaurav Maji, umfundi oneziqu ze-EECS; u-Xin Zhang no-John Cohn be-MIT-IBM Watson AI Lab; kanye nombhali ophezulu u-Anantha Chandrakasan, isikhulu se-MIT sokusungula namasu, umqondisi weSikole Sobunjiniyela, kanye noSolwazi kaVannevar Bush we-EECS. Ucwaningo luzokwethulwa ku-IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference.
Ukuba sengozini kwesiteshi esiseceleni
Abacwaningi baqonde uhlobo lwesisheshisi sokufunda ngomshini esibizwa nge-digital in-memory compute. I-chip ye-IMC yedijithali yenza izibalo ngaphakathi kwememori yedivayisi, lapho izingcezu zemodeli yokufunda umshini zigcinwa ngemva kokuhanjiswa kusuka kuseva emaphakathi.
Yonke imodeli inkulu kakhulu ukuthi ingagcinwa kudivayisi, kodwa ngokuyihlephula ibe yizicucu futhi iphinde isebenzise lezo zingcezu ngangokunokwenzeka, ama-chip e-IMC anciphisa inani ledatha okufanele ihanjiswe emuva naphambili.
Kodwa ama-chips e-IMC angangenwa kalula kubaduni. Ekuhlaselweni kwesiteshi esiseceleni, isigebengu siqapha amandla e-chip futhi sisebenzisa amasu ezibalo ukubuyisela emuva idatha kanjiniyela njengoba i-chip ibala. Ekuhlaselweni kokuhlola ibhasi, isigebengu singantshontsha izingcezu zemodeli nedathasethi ngokuphenya ukuxhumana phakathi kwesisheshisi nememori engaphandle kwe-chip.
I-Digital IMC isheshisa ukubala ngokwenza izigidi zemisebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa lobu bunzima bukwenza kube nzima ukuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuphepha zendabuko, kusho u-Ashok.
Yena nabahlanganyeli bakhe bathatha indlela ekabili ekuvimbeni ukuhlasela kwesiteshi esiseceleni nokuhlola amabhasi.
Okokuqala, basebenzise isilinganiso sokuphepha lapho idatha ku-IMC ihlukaniswa ibe izingcezu ezingahleliwe. Isibonelo, uziro omncane ungase uhlukaniswe ube izingcezu ezintathu ezisalingana noziro ngemva kokusebenza okunengqondo. I-IMC ayilokothi ihlanganise zonke izingcezu ekusebenzeni okufanayo, ngakho-ke ukuhlasela kwesiteshi eseceleni akusoze kwakha kabusha ulwazi lwangempela.
Kodwa ukuze le nqubo isebenze, izingcezu ezingahleliwe kufanele zengezwe ukuze kuhlukaniswe idatha. Ngoba i-IMC yedijithali yenza izigidi zemisebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa, ukukhiqiza izingcezu ezingahleliwe eziningi kuzobandakanya ukusebenzisa ikhompuyutha okuningi. Nge-chip yabo, abacwaningi bathola indlela yokwenza ukubala kube lula, okwenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa idatha ngempumelelo ngenkathi kuqedwa isidingo samabhithi angahleliwe.
Okwesibili, bagweme ukuhlasela kokuhlola ibhasi kusetshenziswa i-cipher engasindi ebethela imodeli egcinwe kumemori ye-off-chip. Le cipher engasindi idinga kuphela izibalo ezilula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bahlukanise kuphela izingcezu zemodeli ezigcinwe ku-chip uma kunesidingo.
Okwesithathu, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuvikeleka, bakhiqize ukhiye osusa ukubethela kwe-cipher ngokuqondile ku-chip, esikhundleni sokuyihambisa phambili naphambili ngemodeli. Bakhiqize lo khiye oyingqayizivele kusukela ekuhlukeni okungahleliwe ku-chip okwethulwa ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, kusetshenziswa lokho okwaziwa njengomsebenzi ongavaleki ngokomzimba.
“Mhlawumbe olunye ucingo luzothi ukujiya kunolunye. Singasebenzisa lokhu kuhluka ukuze sikhiphe o-zero kanye nababodwa kusekethe. Kuwo wonke ama-chip, singathola ukhiye ongahleliwe okufanele uhambisane ngoba lezi zakhiwo ezingahleliwe akufanele zishintshe kakhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi,” kuchaza u-Ashok.
Baphinde basebenzise amaseli enkumbulo ku-chip, besebenzisa ukungapheleli kulawa maseli ukuze benze ukhiye. Lokhu kudinga ukubala okuncane kunokukhiqiza ukhiye kusukela ekuqaleni.
“Njengoba ukuphepha sekuyinkinga ebucayi ekwakhiweni kwamadivayisi asemaphethelweni, kunesidingo sokuthuthukisa isitaki sohlelo esiphelele esigxile ekusebenzeni okuphephile. Lo msebenzi ugxile ekuvikelekeni komthwalo wokufunda ngomshini futhi uchaza iphrosesa yedijithali esebenzisa ukulungiselelwa okuhlukahlukene. Ihlanganisa ukufinyelela kwedatha ebethelwe phakathi kwenkumbulo nephrosesa, izindlela zokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa kwesiteshi eseceleni kusetshenziswa i-randomization, nokusebenzisa ukuhlukahluka ukuze kukhiqizwe amakhodi ahlukile. Imiklamo enjalo izoba bucayi kumadivayisi eselula azayo, ”kusho uChandrakasan.
Ukuhlolwa kokuphepha
Ukuhlola i-chip yabo, abacwaningi bathatha indima yabaduni futhi bazama ukuntshontsha ulwazi oluyimfihlo besebenzisa ukuhlasela kwesiteshi esiseceleni kanye nokuhlola amabhasi.
Ngisho nangemva kokwenza izigidi zemizamo, abakwazanga ukwakha kabusha noma yiluphi ulwazi lwangempela noma bakhiphe izingcezu zemodeli noma idathasethi. I-cipher nayo yahlala inganqamuki. Ngokuphambene, kuthathe amasampula angaba ngu-5,000 kuphela ukweba ulwazi ku-chip engavikelekile.
Ukwengezwa kokuphepha kwehlise ukusebenza kahle kwamandla kwesisheshisi, futhi kudinga nendawo enkulu ye-chip, ezokwenza kubize kakhulu ukuwenza.
Ithimba lihlela ukuhlola izindlela ezinganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nosayizi we-chip yabo esikhathini esizayo, okungenza kube lula ukusisebenzisa esikalini.
“Njengoba kubiza kakhulu, kuba nzima ukukholisa umuntu ukuthi ukuphepha kubalulekile. Umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo ungahlola lezi zinguquko. Mhlawumbe singakwenza kuvikeleke kancane kodwa kube lula ukukusebenzisa futhi kungabizi,” kusho u-Ashok.
Ibhalwe ngu-Adam Zewe
