Likulu la United Nations ku New York lidachita nawo International Mock Trial on Human Rights monga gawo la Chikumbutso cha Holocaust cha 2023 pansi pa UN Outreach Program on the Holocaust. M’khoti loyerekezeredwa, ophunzira 32 azaka zapakati pa 15 ndi 22, ochokera m’maiko khumi, akufunsa amene amadzitcha atate wa Nazi Racial Hygiene, chipani cha Nazi Ernst Rüdin (munthu wake anasonyezedwa ndi woseŵera). Katswiri wa zamaganizo, katswiri wa majini, ndi eugenicist, Rüdin ndiye anayambitsa kuvutika ndi imfa zosaneneka m'zaka za m'ma 1930 ndi 40. Kuzengedwa mlandu kunali kuyenera kwa iwo amene ali pachiopsezo kwambiri kutetezedwa ku chivulazo; udindo wa utsogoleri; ndi malo a makhalidwe mkati mwa sayansi.
Gulu la oweruza atatu a International Mock Trial linali ndi oweruza odziwika komanso otsimikiziridwa omwe ali ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri.
Woweruza Wotsogolera, Wolemekezeka Woweruza Angelika Nussberger ndi pulofesa wa zamalamulo ku Germany yemwe anali woweruza milandu ku Germany ku Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya kuyambira 1 January 2011 mpaka 31 December 2019; kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2019 anali Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti.
Woweruza wolemekezeka Silvia Alejandra Fernández de Gurmendi ndi loya waku Argentina, kazembe komanso woweruza. Adakhala woweruza ku International Criminal Court (ICC) kuyambira 20 Januware 2010 komanso Purezidenti wa ICC kuyambira Marichi 2015 mpaka Marichi 2018. Mu 2020 adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Assembly of States Parties to Rome Statute of the International Khothi Lamilandu kwa magawo makumi awiri mpaka makumi awiri ndi awiri (2021-2023).
Ndi Wolemekezeka Woweruza Elyakim Rubinstein, yemwe kale anali Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa Khoti Lalikulu la Israeli. Prof. Elyakim Rubinstein wakhalanso kazembe wa Israeli komanso wogwira ntchito zaboma kwa nthawi yayitali, yemwe adatumikira monga Attorney General wa Israeli kuyambira 1997 mpaka 2004.
Kutsutsidwa: Mu Khothi Lapadera Lapadziko Lonse la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe:
Mlandu No. 001-2022
Wozenga mlandu: Umunthu
Wotsutsa: Pulofesa Ernst Rüdin, nzika ziwiri za Switzerland ndi Germany
Pachifukwa cha mlanduwu, khoti lolemekezeka likufunsidwa kuti lipereke chigamulo chodziwikiratu ngati woimbidwa mlanduyo ali ndi udindo wachindunji kapena wosalunjika, malinga ndi matanthauzo alamulo a mkulu yemwe si wankhondo kapena yemwe amadziwika kuti "Co-perpetrator", kwa zotsatirazi kapena zosiya:
1. Kulimbikitsa Maupandu Otsutsana ndi Umunthu wakupha, kuwononga, kuzunza ndi kuzunza molingana ndi ndime 7(1)(a), 7(1)(b), 7(1)(f), 7(1)(g) ndi 7(1)(h) ku Lamulo la Roma, komanso Gawo 6(c) kuyambira 1945;
2. Kusonkhezeredwa ndi Kuphedwa kwa Genocide molingana ndi Ndime 6 ya Statue of Rome komanso Ndime 3(c) ya Pangano Loletsa ndi Kulangidwa kwa Upandu wa Kuphedwa kwa Genocide kuyambira 1948;
3. Kusonkhezera komanso kuchititsa mlandu wa kubala anthu molingana ndi Ndime 7(1)(g) ya Lamulo la Roma komanso Ndime 7, 17(1).
4. Umembala m'mabungwe ophwanya malamulo malinga ndi Ndime 9 ndi 10 ku Mfundo za Nuremberg.
Kutsatira maora aatali ochita za International Mock Trial on Human Rights, kumene ozenga milandu ndi oweruza milandu anapereka umboni, mboni ndi mfundo zawo, Oweruza anakambirana, ndiyeno anapereka chigamulo chimodzi. Woweruza aliyense anapereka chigamulo chake ndi kulingalira:
Wolemekezeka Woweruza Angelika Nussberger:
“Ndiyambe ndi kufotokoza mwachidule chifukwa chake nkhaniyi ili yofunika kwambiri. Ndikufuna kuwunikira mbali zisanu.
Choyamba, nkhaniyo ikusonyeza zotsatirapo zoipa za lingaliro limene munthu ndi ulemu wake ndi tsogolo lake zilibe kanthu. Ku Germany ya Nazi, mawu abodza anali "Ndinu kanthu, anthu anu ndi chilichonse". Mlanduwu ukusonyeza kuti maganizo otere angayambitse kuipitsitsa. Sizinali zakale zokha, komanso masiku ano momwe malingaliro oterowo alipo, ngakhale ngati chipani cha Nazi Germany chinali chitsanzo chankhanza kwambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kusaphwanyidwa kwa ulemu wa munthu aliyense kuyenera kukhala poyambira pazowunikira zonse zamalamulo.
Chachiwiri, nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa udindo waupandu wa kolala yoyera, makamaka, udindo wa asayansi. Sangathe kuchitapo kanthu pansanja ya minyanga ya njovu ndikunamizira kuti alibe chifukwa cha zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo, malingaliro awo, ndi zomwe apeza.
Chachitatu, kusaimbidwa mlandu kwa munthu amene wapalamula milandu yoopsa ndi kupanda chilungamo komwe kumamveka mopweteka kwambiri ngakhale kwa mibadwo yotsatira, kotero kuti kuyenera kuthetsedwa. Ngakhale chilungamo sichingachitikenso, ziyenera kufotokozedwa momveka bwino zomwe chilungamo chikanafunika kuchita.
Chachiŵiri, ngakhale upandu utachitidwa ndi ambiri ndi m’maiko ambiri, umakhalabe upandu.
Ndipo chachisanu, n’zoona kuti makhalidwe ndi zikhulupiriro zimasintha pakapita nthawi. Komabe, pali zinthu zofunika kwambiri monga ulemu wa munthu ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo komanso umphumphu wakuthupi zomwe siziyenera kukayikiridwa.
"Tsopano, ndiloleni ndibwere kudzaunika mlandu wa Mr Rüdin malinga ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi.
Kuzengereza ndi "Humanity", kotero kuti mlanduwu sunakhazikitsidwe nthawi ndi malo. Zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri.
The Prosecution wabweretsa mlandu kwa Oimbidwa pansi pa Chilamulo cha Roma, pansi pa Msonkhano Wapakati ndi pansi pa Lamulo la International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg. Malamulowa anali asanakhalepo panthawi yomwe - malinga ndi Prosecution - Wotsutsa adachita zolakwa zake, ndiko kuti, pamaso pa 1945. Mfundo ya "nullum crimen sine lege" ("palibe mlandu wopanda lamulo") ikhoza kuwoneka ngati mbali ya malamulo ovomerezeka padziko lonse. Koma mfundo imeneyi imalola kuzengedwa mlandu ndi chilango chozikidwa pa mfundo za malamulo zimene mayiko otukuka amavomereza. Chifukwa chake, Statute of Rome, Genocide Convention ndi Statute of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg zikugwira ntchito malinga ndi momwe zikuwonetsera mfundo zonse zamalamulo zomwe zinali kale kale 1945 isanachitike.
Mlandu woyamba womwe Woimbidwa mlandu akuimbidwa ndi wolimbikitsa milandu yokhudza kupha anthu, kuwononga, kuzunza komanso kuzunza gulu lodziwika bwino kapena gulu, kuno anthu olumala. Zasonyezedwa motsimikizika ndi Wotsutsa kuti Woimbidwa mlanduyo adachita mwadala - potengera zikhulupiliro zakuya - pothandizira euthanasia ndi pulogalamu yoletsa kubereka kwa boma la Nazi muzolemba zake komanso m'mawu ake ndi zolengeza. Panali kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa kafukufuku wake ndi zonena za anthu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulogalamu ozikidwa pa ziphunzitso zimenezo. Euthanasia ndi pulogalamu yoletsa kubereka imaphatikizapo kupha, kupha, kuzunza, ndi kuzunza gulu lodziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake, ndikuwona kuti Woimbidwa mlandu akuyenera kuyimbidwa mlandu wokhudza mlandu woyamba.
Mlandu wachiwiri womwe Woimbidwayo akuimbidwa ndi wolimbikitsa kupha anthu. Malinga ndi Mgwirizano wa Genocide Convention komanso Lamulo la Rome Statute kupha anthu kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi cholinga chofuna kuwononga, kwathunthu kapena pang'ono, gulu, fuko, fuko kapena chipembedzo. Komabe, sizikugwirizana ndi anthu olumala. Chifukwa chake, sitingatsutse kuti 1945 isanachitike kapena pambuyo pake panali lamulo lodziwika bwino ndi mayiko otukuka lomwe limadziwika kuti "kupha anthu olumala". Chifukwa chake, woimbidwa mlandu sangapezeke ndi mlandu wolimbikitsa kupha anthu ndipo akuyenera kumasulidwa pamlandu wachiwiri.
Mlandu wachitatu womwe Woimbidwayo akuimbidwa mlandu ndi wolimbikitsa komanso kuchititsa mlandu woletsa kubereka anthu. Kutsekereza kuyenera kuwonedwa ngati kuzunza. Chifukwa chake, zomwe zanenedwa poyang'anira nambala wani zikugwiranso ntchito pano. Chifukwa chake, ndikuwona kuti Woimbidwa mlandu ayeneranso kuyimbidwa mlandu wokhudza mlandu wachitatu.
Mlandu wachinayi ndi umembala wa bungwe lachigawenga la Association of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists. Bungweli linali, monga momwe awonetseredwe ndi Prosecution, omwe amayang'anira kukhazikitsa pulogalamu ya Euthanasia. Chifukwa chake, ndikuwona kuti Woimbidwa mlandu akuyeneranso kuyimbidwa mlandu pa mlandu wachinayi. ”
Wolemekezeka Woweruza Silvia Fernández de Gurmendi:
"Ndisanapereke ndemanga yanga ya milandu yomwe idachitika pamilandu yomwe tikuyesera pano, ndikufuna kuthokoza maphwando onse ndi omwe adatenga nawo mbali pazokambirana zawo, nonse mwathandizira kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zidachitika komanso malingaliro omwe adafika poyipa kwambiri ndipo pamapeto pake adachitapo kanthu. zinatsogolera ku Holocaust.
Nditamvetsera mosamalitsa mikangano yonse, ndili wotsimikiza ndi mtima wonse kuti a Ernst Rüdin ndi olakwa pa milandu yonse, kupatulapo mlandu wolimbikitsa kupha anthu, pazifukwa zomwe ndiwonjezera.
Ndikufuna kuyang'ana mwachidule pazifukwa zazikulu zitatu zomwe achitetezo adatulutsa.
Choyamba, malinga ndi chitetezo, Ernst Rüdin, yemwe anamwalira zaka 70 zapitazo, sangaweruzidwe kupyolera mu lens la malamulo athu ndi mfundo zathu zamakono.
Zowonadi, mfundo yazamalamulo imafuna kuti tiziweruza Mr Rüdin molingana ndi malamulo ndi mfundo zomwe zimagwira ntchito lake nthawi, osati yathu.
Komabe, malinga ndi umboni umene unaperekedwa, kuphatikizapo chipwirikiti cha anthu chimene chinasonkhezeredwa ndi kuphana kwawo atadziŵika, ndili wotsimikiza kuti zimene anachitazi sizinali zovomerezeka kapena zovomerezeka panthaŵi imene ankawalamula.
N’zoona kuti mfundo zimene woimbidwa mlanduyo anakamba sizinayambitsidwe ndi iye ndipo zinavomerezedwanso m’mayiko ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo kuno ku United States, kumene mayiko ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kubereka.
Komabe, kulakwa kwa Mr Rüdin sikungotengera malingaliro omwe adalimbikitsa, koma, pazochitika zenizeni zomwe adalimbikitsa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zikugwira ntchito monyanyira. Izi zidapitilira kulera mokakamiza, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu masauzande ambiri aphedwe ndipo pamapeto pake zidapangitsa njira yopita ku Nazi.
Seti yachiwiri ya mfundo. Woimbidwa mlandu sangakhale ndi mlandu chifukwa analibe udindo uliwonse.
Komabe, sindingagwirizane ndi mkangano uwu, Khoti la Nuremberg linaweruzidwa kuti liphedwe Julius Streicher, mwini nyuzipepala Der Sturmer, chifukwa cholowerera m’mabodza a Nazi otsutsa Ayuda, ngakhale kuti analibe udindo uliwonse wa utsogoleri kapena kuvulaza aliyense mwachindunji.
A Rüdin sanali mbali ya zida za boma, koma adachita utsogoleri pokhudzana ndi gawo lonse la Psychiatry and Racial Hygiene. The Society of German Neurologists ndi Psychiatrists, amene adawatsogolera, adakhala bungwe lachigawenga monga pafupifupi mamembala onse ndi bungwe loyang'anira adakhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi kuphedwa kwa kukakamiza kubereka komanso pulogalamu yotchedwa "euthanasia".
Mkangano wachitatu. Makhalidwe a woyimbidwayo sakuyenera kukhala kulimbikitsa kupha anthu chifukwa "olumala" si amodzi mwa magulu omwe akuphatikizidwa mu tanthauzo loyenera la kupha anthu.
Ndikukhulupirira kuti izi ndi zolondola, monga momwe wanenedwera kale ndi woweruza wotsogolera Nussberger. Kuukira kokha pofuna kuwononga mitundu, mafuko, mafuko, kapena zipembedzo kungakhale kupha mafuko malinga ndi malamulo omwe alipo. Apanso kutengera mfundo yazamalamulo, kukulitsa kwa lamuloli sikungachitidwe ndi oweruza koma kungafune kusinthidwa kwa Lamulo la Roma. Choncho sizikugwira ntchito kwa wotsutsa.
Odziwika otenga nawo mbali, mlandu wamasiku ano ukuwonetsa njira yoterera yowopsa yomwe kuyambira ndi tsankho, ngakhale mongoyerekeza, zitha kukulirakulira kumilandu yoyipa. Zoonadi, kupha fuko sikungochitika mwadzidzidzi. Ndichimaliziro cha njira yayitali, yomwe ingayambe ndi mawu, mauthenga achidani, kapena, monga momwe zilili pano, ziphunzitso zabodza za sayansi kulungamitsa tsankho la gulu.
Poganizira zimene taphunzira lerolino, zili ndi inu tsopano kuzindikira mipata iliyonse imene ilipo m’malamulo a dziko kapena mayiko ndi kufuna kulimbikitsa mfundo zina zimene zingafunike kuti tipewe ndi kuvomereza mogwira mtima mtundu uliwonse wa tsankho kapena tsankho.”
Wolemekezeka Woweruza Elyakim Rubinstein:
“N’zodabwitsa komanso zokhumudwitsa kuti Ernst Rüdin anathawa mlandu wa chipani cha Nazi, ndipo anatha kuthetsa moyo wake mwamtendere. Zinachitika bwanji? Kuwerenga umboni wodabwitsa kumabweretsa funso ili, kufuula funsoli.
Ndipo sindidzabwereza zifukwa zalamulo zomwe anzanga olemekezeka amabwera nazo. The Nazi unali upandu waukulu wa Nazi. Zimenezo sizikutanthauza kuti maganizo oipa a mafuko sanabale zipatso zina zovunda, zomwe mwina zinatsogolera ku Shoah, monga tafotokozera poyamba. Euthanasia ndi zigawenga zomwe zidagwirizananso ndi izi, kuphatikiza umboni wa "kukakamizidwa kwa anthu 400,000" komanso "kuphedwa mwadongosolo kwa anthu 300,000 kuphatikiza ana 10,000, omwe amatchedwa 'ofooka' kapena odwala m'maganizo kapena olumala". inali ndi gawo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiphunzitsocho, chomwe wozengedwayo anali ndi udindo waukulu. Palibe kukana kwenikweni kwa izo, mothandizidwa ndi zikalata komanso ngakhale zolankhula ndi wotsutsa.
Ndipo kupitirira apo pali malo otsetsereka: zomwe zidayamba ndi euthanasia zidalowa mumdima wambiri - kupha mwadongosolo kwa Ayuda mamiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi ndi ena ambiri: Aromani (Gypsies) ndi magulu ena a anthu. Makamaka mu nthawi ya kutsutsidwa kwatsopano ndi ntchito yathu yopatulika kukumbukira ndi kuiwala konse. Ndipo mlandu wachipongwe uwu ndi chikumbutso chabwino chotsutsana ndi kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu.
Woimbidwa mlandu akutsutsa za eugenics ndi kulera kuti izi zinali zovomerezeka m'maiko osiyanasiyana munthawi ya chipani cha Nazi. Nditaphunzira umboni, ndikukhulupirira kuti izi ndi zosiyana ndi chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe. Apa tikuchita ndi dongosolo lalikulu lakupha, zilizonse "zasayansi" zoyikapo ndi theorizing zidagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndizovuta kwambiri, zosavomerezeka, kuzifanizitsa ndi nkhani yaku America, ngakhale yoyipa komanso yodabwitsa monga. Buck v. Bell. Imadziyimira yokha, monga ku United States, ngakhale kuti zachisoni ndi zosavomerezeka kwenikweni zidachitika, sizinasinthe kukhala "njira yopha anthu ambiri" yowononga.
Ndimagwirizana ndi anzanga awiri komanso malingaliro awo olembedwa bwino. Mfundo yaikulu yomwe imasiyanitsa Rüdin ndi ndondomeko yake kuchokera ku mayiko ena ndi madokotala awo inali kumasulira kwa chiphunzitsocho kuti chikhale chokwanira, njira yopita ku Holocaust. Zoonadi, iye analibe udindo wa boma, koma anali ndi gawo "losalunjika", pophunzitsa madokotala ndi ena kuti akwaniritse zolakwa zomwe iye ndi anzake adawona mu Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists, ambiri mwa iwo anachita ntchito "weniweni". Ndipo ndikuvomereza kuti mgwirizano wakupha anthu, womwe unayambitsidwa ndi wothawa kwawo wachiyuda wochokera ku Poland, Raphael Lemkin, pazifukwa zalamulo za kutanthauzira kwa Statute of Rome, sayenera kukhala mbali ya chigamulo pamaso pa lamulo lachigawenga lomwe limaumirira pa mfundo yovomerezeka.
Ndatchulapo kale, nkhani ya mlanduwu, ndiponso mbiri ya Rüdin ndi chisonkhezero chake choipa, m’malingaliro ndi m’chenicheni mbali ya nyengo ya Nazi, pachimake chake chinali Chipululutso cha Nazi.
Pankhani imeneyi ya Rüdin, Ajeremani anali mbali yaikulu ya ozunzidwa. A Shoah, ndithudi, anali makamaka Ayuda omwe anazunzidwa. Umunthu wapanga njira yayitali kuyambira 1945, pamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi komanso apakhomo a Pangano ndi Malamulo.
Ndipo ndikufuna kufotokoza chiyembekezocho ndipo anzanga aŵiri aŵiriwo, akuimira [kudzera] m’maudindo awo akale monga oweruza m’zoyesayesa zapadziko lonse zomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kugamula milandu ya olakwira. Ndikufuna kufotokoza chiyembekezo chakuti zigawenga monga za Rüdin sizingachitike lero. Zachisoni, sindikudziwa. Apo pali poterera koyipa; mumayamba ndi sitepe yomwe ingawoneke ngati yopanda mlandu, ngakhale yasayansi. Mutha kukhala ndi mamiliyoni a anthu aphedwa.
Kuwonjezeka kwa kudana ndi Ayuda m'malo mophwanya ufulu wa anthu kukuwonekera. Iyenera kumenyedwa ndi njira zonse zalamulo - zapagulu, zaukazembe ndi zoweruza.
“Mlandu uwu si wobwezera, umene uli m’manja mwa Mulungu. Koma tikhoza kunena za kubwezera kwabwino. Mibadwo yatsopano yomwe idatuluka paphulusa la Shoah, omwe adapulumuka omwe tsopano ali ndi zidzukulu zazikulu ndipo ena mwa iwo ali mgulu la gulu pano.
Nditanena zimenezi, ndikuyembekezerabe kuti kulikonse kumene kuli anthu ophwanya malamulo a mayiko, masiku ano padzakhala kuyesetsa kuti lamuloli litsatidwe. Makhoti adzalimbana ndi vutoli.
Potsirizira pake, lingaliro loti achite zimenezi linali lolondoladi. Phindu la maphunziro ndilofunika kwambiri komanso limadzifotokozera. Tonsefe tiyenera kulimbana ndi tsankho, kaya zakunja kapena zapakhomo, tikuyang'anitsitsa zam'tsogolo.
