Bungwe la Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe sabata ino lidalowa m'malo mozama kwambiri tsankho ndi ufulu, ndikukambirana mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe Bungweli linakhazikitsidwa mu 1950. Kafukufuku wopitilira akufufuza zomwe zidachokera ku gawo la European Convention on Ufulu Wachibadwidwe womwe umafotokozera, komanso umachepetsa ufulu waufulu ndi chitetezo cha munthu.
Komiti ya Nyumba ya Malamulo mu a zoyenda zomwe zinavomerezedwa mu 2022, zinanena kuti Pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ndi “pangano lokhalo lapadziko lonse la ufulu wachibadwidwe la anthu limene likuphatikizapo kuletsa ufulu wa anthu amene ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zina, makamaka chifukwa cha kuphwanya malamulo, ndipo linalembedwa m’Ndime 5 (1) ( e), yomwe imapatula magulu ena (anthu "osagwirizana ndi anthu" m'mawu a Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya) kuti asangalale ndi ufulu wonse."
Monga gawo la kafukufuku mu Assembly a Komiti Yoyang'anira Zachikhalidwe cha Anthu, Zaumoyo ndi Chitukuko Chokhazikika Lolemba lidakumana ndi akatswiri kuti aphunzire zambiri komanso kukambirana mozama za nkhaniyi. Akatswiri anapereka deta kwa mamembala a Komiti ndipo anali kufunsidwa pa izi.
Kumva ndi Akatswiri
Prof. Dr. Marius Turda, Mtsogoleri wa Center for Medical Humanities, Oxford Brookes University, UK anafotokoza mbiri yakale yomwe European Convention on Ufulu Wachibadwidwe zidapangidwa. Katswiri wa mbiri yakale ya eugenics, adanenanso kuti eugenics adawonekera koyamba ku 1880s ku England ndipo kuyambira pomwe adafalikira mwachangu ndikukhala chodabwitsa padziko lonse lapansi mkati mwazaka makumi angapo.
Kuti timvetse bwino za chochitikachi, munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa kuti cholinga chachikulu cha eugenics “chinali ‘kuwongolera’ chibadwa cha ‘khalidwe’ la chiŵerengero cha anthu mwa kulamulira kuberekana, ndipo, mopambanitsa, mwa kuthetsa awo amene anali kuwalingalira. kukhala ‘wosayenera’, mwakuthupi ndi/kapena m’maganizo.”
"Kuyambira pachiyambi, akatswiri a eugenics ankanena kuti anthu akuyenera kutetezedwa ku chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha anthu omwe amawatcha kuti 'osayenera', 'osayenerera', 'osaganiza bwino', 'osaganiza bwino', 'dysgenic' ndi 'sub-normal' oyenera. ku zilema zawo zakuthupi ndi zamaganizo. Awo anali matupi odziŵika bwino, olembedwa ngati amenewo ndipo amasalidwa moyenerera,” Prof. Turda anatero.
Eugenics mwachiwonekere adapeza mbiri yapadziko lonse lapansi ndikuwonetsa misasa yachibalo ya Nazi Germany mu 1940s. Anazi poyesa kugwiritsa ntchito biology anali atachita mopambanitsa. Komabe, eugenics sanathe ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Nazi Germany. Pulofesa Turda ananena kuti “Zolinga za Eugenic zinapitirizabe kukopa anthu andale ndiponso asayansi pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.”
Mawu akuti “maganizo osaganiza bwino” anagwiritsidwa ntchito m’Pangano la Mayiko a ku Ulaya la Ufulu wa Anthu
M'malo mwake, lingaliro lomwe la 'maganizo osaganiza bwino' lidasinthidwanso kukhala lingaliro la 'kusokoneza' m'zaka za nkhondo itatha, ndiyeno likugwiritsidwa ntchito mozama kupititsa patsogolo kusalidwa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana.
“Kugwirizana pakati pa kulumala m’maganizo ndi kusayenererana ndi anthu kunakhalabe kosatsutsika. Kunena zowona, chikoka chokulirapo cha zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pa chitukuko cha khalidwe laumunthu chinayambitsanso chinenero cha eugenics; koma malo ake akuluakulu, monga momwe amasonyezera kudzera muzokambirana zokhazikika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso machitidwe azamalamulo okhudza kuletsa kubereka, anapitirizabe pambuyo pa nkhondo," Prof. Turda adanena.
M'mbiri yakale, lingaliro la 'maganizo osaganiza bwino' - m'zovomerezeka zake zonse - lidathandiza kwambiri kupanga malingaliro ndi machitidwe a eugenic, osati ku Britain kokha.
Pulofesa Turda ananenetsa kuti, “inagwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana pofuna kusala ndi kunyoza anthu komanso kupititsa patsogolo tsankho komanso kusala anthu amene ali ndi vuto lophunzira. Zokambirana za Eugenic zokhudzana ndi zomwe zinali zodziwika bwino / zosayenera ndi machitidwe zidakhazikitsidwa pakati pa ziwonetsero za anthu 'oyenera' m'maganizo ndi 'osayenera', ndipo pamapeto pake zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mikhalidwe yatsopano yosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, zachuma, ndale komanso kuwonongeka kwa ufulu wa amayi. ndi amuna otchedwa ‘opanda nzeru’.”
Ndi mu kuwala kwa ichi kuvomereza kofala kwa eugenics monga gawo lofunikira la ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti ayang'ane zoyesayesa za oimira United Kingdom, Denmark ndi Sweden mu ndondomeko yokhazikitsa Pangano la Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya adapereka lingaliro ndikuphatikizanso ndime yoti akhululukidwe, yomwe ingavomereze lamulo la boma lolekanitsa ndi kutsekera "anthu opanda nzeru, zidakwa kapena zidakwa ndi oyendayenda".
Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha eugenic, choncho ndizovuta kwambiri kupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa mu Msonkhano wa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe.
Prof. Dr. Marius Turda, Mtsogoleri wa Center for Medical Humanities, Oxford Brookes University, UK
Pulofesa Turda anamaliza ulaliki wake kuti: "Potengera mbiri yabwinoyi, ndizovuta kwambiri kupitiliza kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa mu Pangano la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe." Ndipo adaonjeza kuti: “Ndikofunikira kuti tizimvera mawu omwe timagwiritsa ntchito chifukwa chinenerocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kusunga tsankho. Kwa zaka zambiri tsopano chofotokozera cha eugenicchi chakhala chosadziwika komanso chosatsutsika. Yafika nthawi yoti tiyang'anenso vuto lonseli, komanso kuti tithane ndi kulimbikira kwa anthu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
