Msonkhano wa Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe womwe unachitikira ndi akatswiri sabata yatha unafufuza chifukwa chake bungwe la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) limaletsa ufulu ndi chitetezo kwa anthu olumala. Pa nthawiyi, Komitiyi inamva zimene bungwe la United Nations limalimbikitsa mfundo za masiku ano zokhudza ufulu wa anthu.
ECHR ndi 'maganizo osaganiza bwino'
Monga katswiri woyamba Prof Dr. Marius Turda, Mtsogoleri wa Center for Medical Humanities, pa yunivesite ya Oxford Brookes, UK anafotokoza mbiri yakale yomwe Pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) linakhazikitsidwa. M'mbiri, a lingaliro la 'maganizo osamveka' amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu mu ECHR Ndime 5, 1(e) - m'zovomerezeka zake zonse - adathandizira kwambiri pakupanga malingaliro ndi machitidwe a eugenic, osati ku Britain kokha komwe kudayambira.
Pulofesa Turda ananenetsa kuti, “inagwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana pofuna kusala ndi kunyoza anthu komanso kupititsa patsogolo tsankho komanso kusala anthu amene ali ndi vuto lophunzira. Zokambirana za Eugenic zokhudzana ndi zomwe zinali zodziwika bwino / zosayenera ndi machitidwe zidakhazikitsidwa pakati pa ziwonetsero za anthu 'oyenera' m'maganizo ndi 'osayenera', ndipo pamapeto pake zidapangitsa kuti pakhale mikhalidwe yatsopano yosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe, zachuma, ndale komanso kuwonongeka kwa ufulu wa amayi. ndi amuna otchedwa ‘opanda nzeru’.”
Mayi Boglárka Benko, Kaundula wa Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya (ECHR), adapereka lamulo lamilandu la Misonkhano Yachiyuda Yokhudza Ufulu wa Anthu (ECHR). Monga gawo la izi, adawonetsa vuto loti mawu a Msonkhanowo amamasula anthu omwe amawoneka ngati "osaganiza bwino" kuti asatetezedwe nthawi zonse. Iye ananena kuti bungwe la ECHR silinakhazikitse kumasulira kwa mawu a Mgwirizanowu pankhani ya kulandidwa ufulu kwa anthu olumala m'maganizo kapena matenda amisala. Makhoti ambiri amatsatira maganizo a akatswiri azachipatala.
Mchitidwewu ndi wosiyana ndi mitu ina ya European Convention on Ufulu Wachibadwidwe (ECHR), kumene khoti la ku Ulaya laona momveka bwino mmene Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu likuphwanyira ufulu wachibadwidwe komanso limayang’ananso m’mabungwe ena okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu. Boglárka Benko adanenanso kuti chitetezo chaufulu wa anthu chikhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chogawika.
Katswiri wina, Laura Marchetti, Policy Manager wa Mental Health Europe (MHE) adapereka ulaliki wokhudza zaufulu wa anthu pakusungidwa kwa anthu olumala m'maganizo. MHE ndi bungwe lalikulu kwambiri lodziimira paokha la European network lomwe likugwira ntchito Kulimbikitsa thanzi labwino komanso thanzi labwino; Kupewa mavuto amisala; ndikuthandizira ndi kupititsa patsogolo ufulu wa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amisala kapena olumala.
“Kwa nthaŵi yaitali, anthu olumala m’maganizo ndi a thanzi la maganizo kaŵirikaŵiri ankaonedwa kukhala otsika, osakwanira kapena owopsa kwa anthu. Izi zinali zotsatira za njira zamankhwala zamaganizidwe, zomwe zidakhazikitsa mutuwo ngati vuto kapena vuto la munthu, "adatero Laura Marchetti.
Adawonjezeranso tsankho lakale lomwe Prof. Turda adapereka. "Malamulo ndi malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa motsatira njira iyi amalola kuti anthu asatengedwe, kukakamiza komanso kulandidwa ufulu," adatero Komiti. Ndipo adawonjezeranso kuti "anthu omwe ali ndi zilema zamaganizidwe adapangidwa ngati cholemetsa kapena chowopsa kwa anthu."
Psychosocial chitsanzo cha olumala
M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, njira iyi yakhala ikufunsidwa kwambiri, pamene mkangano wapagulu ndi kafukufuku zinayamba kusonyeza tsankho ndi zolakwika zomwe zimachokera ku njira ya biomedical.
Laura Marchetti adati, "Mogwirizana ndi izi, zomwe zimatchedwa psychosocial model for olumala zimatsimikizira kuti mavuto ndi kusalidwa komwe anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la psyche ndi matenda amisala amakumana nawo sizimayambitsidwa ndi kufooka kwawo, koma ndi momwe gulu lakhalira ndi dongosolo. amamvetsa nkhani imeneyi.”
Chitsanzochi chikuwonetsanso kuti zochitika za anthu zimasiyanasiyana komanso kuti pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zimakhudza moyo wa munthu (monga chikhalidwe, chuma ndi chilengedwe, zovuta kapena zoopsa za moyo).
“Zopinga za anthu ndi zovuta zomwe ziyenera kuthetsedwa ndi ndondomeko ndi malamulo. Cholinga chake chiyenera kukhala pakuphatikizika ndi kupereka chithandizo, m'malo mongodzipatula komanso kusowa chochita, "adatero Laura Marchetti.
Kusintha kwa njirazi kumalembedwa mu Mgwirizano wa United Nations pa Ufulu wa Anthu Olemala (CRPD), womwe uli ndi cholinga cholimbikitsa, kuteteza ndi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu onse olumala amasangalala ndi ufulu wonse waumunthu.
CRPD yasainidwa ndi mayiko 164, kuphatikiza European Union ndi Mayiko ake onse. Imayika mu mfundo ndi malamulo kusuntha kuchoka ku njira yazamankhwala kupita ku mtundu wolumala wama psychosocial. Idatanthauzira anthu olumala ngati anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lakuthupi, malingaliro, luntha kapena kukhudzika kwanthawi yayitali zomwe zikakumana ndi zopinga zosiyanasiyana zimatha kulepheretsa kutenga nawo gawo kwathunthu komanso kogwira mtima m'gulu la anthu mofanana ndi ena.
Laura Marchetti adanenanso, kuti "CRPD ikunena kuti anthu sangasankhidwe chifukwa cha kulumala kwawo, kuphatikiza kulumala m'maganizo. Msonkhanowu ukuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti mtundu uliwonse wa kukakamiza, kulandidwa mphamvu zalamulo ndi kukakamizidwa kulandira chithandizo ndikuphwanya ufulu wa anthu. Ndime 14 ya CRPD imanenanso momveka bwino kuti "kukhalapo kwa olumala sikunganene kuti kulandidwa ufulu".
Pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Gawo 5 § 1 (e)
Pangano la European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) linali inalembedwa mu 1949 ndi 1950. M’gawo lake lonena za ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu ndi chitetezo cha munthu, Mutu 5 wa ECHR § 1 (e), umanena kuti palibe “anthu oganiza molakwika, zidakwa kapena mankhwala oledzera kapena ongoyendayenda.” Kusankhidwa kwa anthu omwe amaganiziridwa kuti akhudzidwa ndi zochitika za chikhalidwe cha anthu kapena zaumwini, kapena kusiyana kwa malingaliro kunayambira pamalingaliro atsankho ofala m'gawo loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1900.
Kupatulako kudapangidwa ndi oimira United Kingdom, Denmark ndi Sweden, motsogozedwa ndi a Britain. Zinachokera ku nkhawa yomwe malemba omwe adalembedwa panthawiyo adafuna kuti agwiritse ntchito ufulu wachibadwidwe wa Universal kuphatikizapo anthu omwe ali ndi zilema zamaganizo kapena zamaganizo, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi malamulo ndi ndondomeko za chikhalidwe cha anthu m'mayikowa. Onse a Britain, Denmark ndi Sweden anali ochirikiza amphamvu a eugenics panthawiyo, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi malingaliro otere kukhala malamulo ndi machitidwe.
Laura Marchetti anamaliza ulaliki wake ponena kuti
“Poganizira za masinthidwe amenewa, nkhani 5, 1(e) ya European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) yomwe ilipo panopa sikugwirizana ndi mfundo za m’mayiko osiyanasiyana zokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu, chifukwa imalolabe tsankho chifukwa cha maganizo a anthu. kulumala kapena vuto la matenda amisala.”
"Chotero ndikofunikira kuti zolembazo zisinthidwe ndikuchotsa zigawo zomwe zimalola kupitiliza tsankho ndi kusalingana," adatsindika m'mawu ake omaliza.
