Ziwawa m'maiko a Sahel zitha kulumikizidwa ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwa asitikali ankhondo a Tuareg, omwe akumenyera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha.
ndi Teodor Detchev
Kuyamba kwa ziwawa zatsopano m'maiko a Sahel zitha kulumikizidwa ndi Arab Spring. Ulalowu siwophiphiritsa kwenikweni ndipo sukhudzana ndi "chitsanzo cholimbikitsa" cha wina. Kulumikizana kwachindunji kukugwirizana ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa magulu ankhondo a Tuareg, omwe kwa zaka zambiri akhala akulimbana kuti pakhale dziko lodziimira - makamaka kumpoto kwa Mali. [1]
Panthawi ya nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Libya, panthawi ya moyo wa Muammar Gaddafi, asilikali a Tuareg adagwirizana naye, koma atamwalira, adabwerera ku Mali ndi zida zawo zonse zolemetsa komanso zopepuka. Kuwoneka kwadzidzidzi kwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa kale ankhondo a Tuareg, omwe ali ndi zida za mano, ndi nkhani zoipa kwa akuluakulu a ku Mali, komanso mayiko ena m'deralo. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti kusintha kwachitika pakati pa a Tuareg ndipo ena mwa magulu awo okhala ndi zida "adzipanganso" kuchokera kwa omenyera ufulu wadziko kukhala magulu ankhondo achi Islam a Uzhkim. [2]
Chodabwitsa ichi, chomwe mapangidwe amtundu wa anthu omwe ali ndi mbiri yakale, mwadzidzidzi amavomereza mawu ndi machitidwe a "jihadi", wolemba mizere iyi amatcha "mabungwe awiri pansi". Zochitika zoterezi sizodziwika ku West Africa kokha, ndi gulu lankhondo la “God’s Resistance Army” ku Uganda, komanso magulu osiyanasiyana ankhondo achisilamu kuzilumba zakum’mwera kwa zisumbu za ku Philippines. [2], [3]
Zinthu ku West Africa zidasonkhana kotero kuti pambuyo pa 2012-2013, derali lidakhala bwalo lankhondo pomwe "franchises" zamagulu a zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi, omwe mokulira kapena pang'ono angatchulidwe kuti "zigawenga" disorganizations ", chifukwa cha kusagwirizana kwawo. dongosolo, malamulo ndi utsogoleri, amene ndi kukana mabungwe akale. [1], [2]
Ku Mali, a Tuareg, achisilamu omwe adangopanga kumene, polimbana ndi al-Qaeda koma mogwirizana ndi magulu a Salafist omwe sanali a Islamic State kapena al-Qaeda, adayesa kupanga dziko lodziyimira palokha kumpoto kwa Mali. [2] Poyankha, akuluakulu a boma la Maliya adayambitsa ntchito yankhondo yolimbana ndi a Tuareg ndi jihadists, omwe adathandizidwa ndi France ndi udindo wochokera ku UN Security Council - pansi pa zomwe zimatchedwa UN Stabilization Mission ku Mali - Minusma.
Operations Serval ndi Barhan akuyamba chimodzi pambuyo pa chimzake, Operation Serval ndi ntchito ya asilikali a ku France ku Mali yomwe inachitika motsatira Security Council Resolution 2085 ya 20 December 2012. , kutsutsa, osasiyapo veto la Security Council. Cholinga cha ntchitoyi ndi udindo wa UN ndikugonjetsa asilikali a jihadists ndi "mabungwe a Tuareg okhala ndi pansi" kumpoto kwa Mali, omwe akuyamba kupita kuchigawo chapakati cha dziko. .
Mkati mwa opaleshoniyi, atatu mwa atsogoleri asanu a Asilamu adaphedwa - Abdelhamid Abu Zeid, Abdel Krim ndi Omar Ould Hamaha. Mokhtar Belmokhtar anathawira ku Libya ndipo Iyad ag Ghali anathawira ku Algeria. Operation Serval (yotchulidwa pambuyo pa mphaka wokondeka waku Africa) idatha pa 15 Julayi 2014 kuti ilowe m'malo ndi Operation Barhan, yomwe idayamba pa 1 Ogasiti 2014.
Operation Barhan ikuchitika m'gawo la mayiko asanu a Sahel - Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania ndi Niger. Asitikali 4,500 aku France akutenga nawo gawo, ndipo mayiko asanu a Sahel (G5 - Sahel) akuphunzitsa asitikali pafupifupi 5,000 kuti alowe nawo ntchito zolimbana ndi zigawenga.
Kuyesera kulekanitsa gawo la kumpoto kwa Mali kukhala mtundu wina wa dziko la Tuareg-Islamist lalephera. Operations "Serval" ndi "Barkhan" akukwaniritsa zolinga zawo mwamsanga. Zokhumba za Asilamu ndi "mabungwe apansi" zatha. Choyipa ndichakuti izi sizimathetsa ziwawa komanso, molingana ndi ziwawa zomwe zili ku Sahel. Ngakhale kugonjetsedwa ndikukakamizika kuganiza choyamba za momwe angabisire mphamvu za France ndi mayiko a G5-Sahel, magulu ankhondo achisilamu akutembenukira ku nkhondo zachiwembu, kutembenuza nthawi zina kukhala zigawenga zosavuta.
Ngakhale pambuyo pa ntchito za Serwal ndi Barkhan, ma radicals achisilamu sangathenso kuchita bwino, osachepera poyang'ana koyamba, kuchuluka kwa ziwonetsero kwa anthu wamba sikuchepa, koma m'malo ena kukukulirakulira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo amantha kwambiri komanso opanda thanzi, omwe amatengedwa mwayi ndi asitikali ofunitsitsa omwe sakhulupirira kuti gulu lankhondo lili m'malo ankhondo.
Kumbali imodzi, gulu lankhondo la ku Africa ndi chokweza anthu. Kumathandiza munthu kukwera ku mtundu wina wa mfundo zoyenerera. Kumbali ina, mchitidwe woukira boma mu Afirika uli ponseponse kotero kuti ofuna kukhala akuluakulu ankhondo sakuona kuti ndi mlandu ngakhale pang’ono.
Monga momwe deta ya STATISTA ikusonyezera, pakati pa January 1950 ndi July 2023 panali zoyesayesa 220 zopambana komanso zolephera ku Africa, zomwe zikuwerengera pafupifupi theka (44 peresenti ya zoyesayesa zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi. kuukira kochuluka kwambiri kuyambira 1950 ndi 17. Pambuyo pa Sudan, Burundi (11), Ghana ndi Sierra Leone (10) ndi mayiko omwe ayesa kwambiri kulanda kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20.
M'masiku ano ku Sahel, kutsatira kupita patsogolo kwa Asilamu okhwima komanso "mabungwe apansi" kumpoto kwa Mali komanso kuukira kofananako ndi asitikali ankhondo a mayiko a G5 Sahel ndi France, nkhawa yayikulu ndi chitetezo cha anthu. Nzika zina za m’maiko osiyanasiyana m’derali zili ndi malingaliro ofananawo, omwe angafotokozedwe mwachidule m’mawu a nzika ya ku Burkina Faso: “Masana timanjenjemera kuopera kuti asilikali ankhondo okhazikika abwera, ndipo usiku timanjenjemera kuti Asilamu angagwe. bwerani.”
Ndizochitika izi zomwe zimapereka kulimba mtima kwa magulu ena ankhondo kuti alandire mphamvu. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi lingaliro lakuti boma lomwe liripo silikulimbana ndi zigawenga zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi zigawenga zachisilamu. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti nthawiyi idasankhidwa ndendende - mbali imodzi, ma jihadists akugonjetsedwa ndipo kuthekera kwawo kulanda madera sikuli kwakukulu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kuukiridwa ndi zigawenga zachisilamu kumakhalabe koopsa komanso kwakupha anthu ambiri. Choncho, asilikali m'mayiko ena amapezerapo mwayi pa ntchito zomwe bungwe la United Nations ndi G5 Sahel likuchita polimbana ndi anthu oyambitsa mavuto ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo (mwachinyengo kwambiri) amadzutsa nkhani yakuti madera awo sali okhazikika ndipo "kuyenerera" kwawo kumafunika kulowererapo.
Wina anganene kuti panthawi ina Burkina Faso, komwe akuluakulu a boma akukhulupirira kuti ali ndi mphamvu zolamulira 60 peresenti yokha ya gawo la dzikolo kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa 2022, zakhala zosiyana. [40] Izi ndi zoona, koma m’magawo ochepa. Ziyenera kuonekeratu kuti zigawenga zachisilamu sizikhala ndi mphamvu pa 40 peresenti yotsala ya gawolo chifukwa chakuti mawu oti "kulamulira" angagwiritsidwe ntchito pansi pa Islamic State ku Syria ndi Iraq kapena kuyesa kuthetsa gawo la kumpoto la Tuareg. chedweraniko pang'ono. Palibe maulamuliro am'deralo pano omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi Asilamu, ndipo palibe chiwongolero chokhudza kulumikizana kofunikira. Kungoti zigawengazo zimatha kuchita zolakwa popanda kulangidwa, ndichifukwa chake otsutsa boma panthawiyo (ndipo mwina lomwe liliponso) amakhulupirira kuti gawo ili la gawo la dzikolo silili pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. [9], [17], [40]
Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, nkhani yowawa kwambiri yowukiridwa mosalekeza ndi achisilamu opitilira muyeso yapereka zifukwa zamakhalidwe (makamaka m'maso mwawo) kuti asitikali akumayiko ena a Sahel atenge mphamvu mokakamiza, kulungamitsa zochita zawo podera nkhawa za chitetezo chamayiko a Sahel. anthu. Kuukira komaliza kotereku komwe kudachitika m'derali kunali kulanda boma ku Niger, pomwe General Abdurahman Tiani adalanda mphamvu pa Julayi 26, 2023. [22]
Ndikofunikira kunena pano kuti kulanda boma ku Gabon, komwe kuli kotheka kwaposachedwa kwambiri ku West Africa, sikungawonekere chimodzimodzi ndi zomwe zimachitika m'maiko a Sahel. [10], [14] Mosiyana ndi Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, ndi Chad, palibe mkangano pakati pa magulu ankhondo a boma ndi zigawenga zachisilamu ku Gabon, ndipo chipwirikiticho ndi cholinga, osachepera pakali pano, motsutsana ndi banja la pulezidenti, banja la Bongo. , amene akulamulira kale Gabon zaka 56.
Komabe, ziyenera kutsindika kuti patapita nthawi ya bata pakati pa 2013 ndi 2020, panali zoyeserera 13 ku Africa, kuphatikiza ku Sudan, Chad, Guinea, Burkina Faso ndi Mali. [4], [32]
Apa tikuyenera kuwonetsa kuti zikugwirizana ndi maelstrom atsopano a ndale Kusakhazikika ku West Africa, makamaka ku Sahel, ziwawa zomwe zikuchitika ku Central African Republic (CAR), komwe nkhondo ziwiri zapachiweniweni zakhala zikumenyedwa motsatana. Yoyamba, yotchedwa Central African Republic Bush War, inayamba mu 2004 ndipo inatha mwalamulo ndi mgwirizano wamtendere wa 2007, ndi de facto mu March 2013. Yachiwiri, yotchedwa "nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Central African Republic" ( Central African Republic Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni), inayamba mu April 2013 ndipo siinathe mpaka lero, ngakhale kuti asilikali a boma tsopano aika manja pa gawo lalikulu la dziko limene ankalamulira.
Mosakayikira, dziko lomwe ndi losauka kwambiri, chiwerengero chake cha chitukuko cha anthu chili pamunsi kwambiri (malo otsiriza, osachepera mpaka 2021 adasungidwa ku Niger) ndipo chiwopsezo chochita chilichonse chachuma ndichokwera kwambiri, ndi "dziko lolephera" ndipo posakhalitsa limagwidwa ndi miimba zosiyanasiyana zandale ndi zankhondo. M'gulu ili tikhoza kutumiza mwachikumbumtima Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Central African Republic (CAR) ndi South Sudan kuchokera ku gulu la mayiko omwe akuwunikira.
Nthawi yomweyo, mndandanda wamayiko aku Africa komwe kampani yankhondo yaku Russia Wagner yatsimikiziridwa kuti ili ndi kuwonekera komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi boma kumaphatikizapo Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR, Cameroon, DR Congo, Zimbabwe. , Mozambique ndi Madagascar. [4], [39]
Kuyerekeza pakati pa mndandanda wa "mayiko olephera" omwe awonongedwa ndi nkhondo zapachiweniweni, mikangano yamitundu ndi zipembedzo, zigawenga zankhondo ndi zovuta zina zotere komanso mndandanda wamayiko omwe ma mercenaries a PMC Wagner "amagwira ntchito" momveka bwino mokomera maboma ovomerezeka akuwonetsa zochitika zodabwitsa.
Mali, Central African Republic ndi South Sudan ali otchuka pamndandanda wonsewo. Palibe chidziwitso chotsimikizika chokhudza kukhalapo kwa PMC "Wagner" ku Burkina Faso, koma pali zidziwitso zokwanira zakulowererapo kwa Russia ndi kuthandizira mokomera omwe akukonza zigawenga zaposachedwa kwambiri mdzikolo, osatchulanso malingaliro omwe akuchulukirachulukira a Russia, kale kuti mercenaries wa malemu Prigozhin anali atatha "kudzipatula" m'dziko loyandikana ndi Mali. [9], [17]
M'malo mwake, "mawonekedwe" a PMC Wagner ku Central African Republic ndi ku Mali akuyenera kuyambitsa mantha pakati pa anthu aku Africa. Kukonda kwa asitikali aku Russia kupha anthu ambiri komanso nkhanza zakhala zikuwonekera kuyambira nthawi yaku Syria, koma zomwe adachita ku Africa, makamaka ku CAR ndi Mali zomwe tatchulazi, zidalembedwanso bwino. [34] Kumapeto kwa Julayi 2022, wamkulu wa asitikali aku France mu Operation Barhan, General Laurent Michon, adadzudzula PMC Wagner kuti "abera Mali". [24]
M'malo mwake, monga tafotokozera kale, zomwe zikuchitika ku Mali ndi Burkina Faso zimalumikizidwa ndikutsata njira yomweyo. "Kufalikira" kwa ziwawa zazikulu za Asilamu kudayamba ku Mali. Zinadutsa mu zigawenga za Tuareg-Islamist kumpoto kwa dzikolo ndipo, pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa zigawenga ndi asilikali a UN ndi G5 - Sahel, ndiye adatenga mawonekedwe a nkhondo zachiwembu, ziwawa kwa anthu wamba komanso zigawenga zachiwembu m'derali. gawo lapakati la Mali, komwe adapempha thandizo la anthu a Fulani kapena Fulbe (nkhani yofunika kwambiri yomwe idzasanthulidwe mwatsatanetsatane pambuyo pake) ndikusamukira ku Burkina Faso. Ofufuza adalankhulanso za Burkina Faso kukhala "chiyambi chatsopano cha ziwawa". [17]
Komabe, tsatanetsatane wofunikira ndikuti mu Ogasiti 2020, chiwembu chankhondo chidalanda Purezidenti wosankhidwa wa Mali - Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta. Izi zidasokoneza kwambiri nkhondo yolimbana ndi a Jihadist, chifukwa gulu lankhondo lomwe lidayamba kulamulira limayang'ana mosadalira gulu lankhondo la UN, lomwe makamaka linali asitikali aku France. Iwo ankakayikira kuti Afalansa sanavomereze kulanda boma. Ichi ndichifukwa chake akuluakulu atsopano, odziimira okha ku Mali adafulumira kuti athetse ntchito za UN (makamaka French) ku Mali. Nthawi yomweyo, olamulira ankhondo a dzikolo anali ndi mantha kwambiri ndi gulu lankhondo la France lolamulidwa ndi UN kudera lawo kuposa zigawenga zachisilamu.
Bungwe la UN Security Council linathetsa ntchito yosunga mtendere ku Mali mofulumira kwambiri ndipo a French anayamba kuchoka, mwachiwonekere popanda chisoni chachikulu. Kenaka gulu lankhondo ku Bamako linakumbukira kuti nkhondo yachigawenga ya zigawenga zachisilamu siinathe konse ndipo inafuna thandizo lina lakunja, lomwe linawonekera mu mawonekedwe a PMC "Wagner" ndi Russian Federation, omwe nthawi zonse amakhala okonzeka kutumikira amalingaliro ofanana. akuluakulu aboma. Zochitika zinakula mofulumira kwambiri ndipo PMC "Wagner" anasiya mapazi akuya a nsapato zake mumchenga wa Mali. [34], [39]
Kuukira boma ku Mali kudayambitsa "domino effect" - zigawenga ziwiri zomwe zidatsatiridwa chaka chimodzi ku Burkina Faso (!), kenako ku Niger ndi Gabon. Njira ndi zolimbikitsa (kapena zomveka) zochitira zigawenga ku Burkina Faso zinali zofanana ndi zaku Mali. Pambuyo pa 2015, ziwawa, kuwononga ndi zida zankhondo zachisilamu zidakula kwambiri. Ma "franchise" osiyanasiyana a al-Qaeda, Islamic State (Islamic State of West Africa, Islamic State of the Greater Sahara, etc.) ndi magulu odziyimira pawokha a Salafist apha masauzande a anthu wamba, komanso kuchuluka kwa "othawa kwawo" , mukumvetsa - othawa kwawo adutsa anthu mamiliyoni awiri. Chotero, Burkina Faso inapeza mbiri yokayikitsa ya kukhala “chiyambi chatsopano cha nkhondo ya Sahel.” [9]
Pa Januware 24, 2022, gulu lankhondo ku Burkina Faso, motsogozedwa ndi Paul-Henri Damiba, adalanda Purezidenti Roch Kabore, yemwe adalamulira dzikolo kwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, patadutsa masiku angapo achita zipolowe ku likulu la dziko la Ouagadougou. [9], [17], [32] Koma pa Seputembara 30, 2022, kachiwiri mchaka chomwechi, kulanda kwina kunachitika. Purezidenti wodziyimira yekha Paul-Henri Damiba adagwetsedwa ndi kaputeni wofuna kutchuka Ibrahim Traore. Atachotsa pulezidenti wapano, Traore adathetsanso boma losinthika lopangidwa ndi Damiba ndikuyimitsa (potsiriza) malamulo. Mosakayikira, mneneri wa gulu lankhondo adati gulu la apolisi laganiza zochotsa Damiba chifukwa cholephera kuthana ndi zigawenga zachisilamu. Kuti ali m'bungwe lomwelo lomwe lalephera kuthana ndi ma jihadist pansi pa apurezidenti awiri otsatizana kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri sizimamudetsa nkhawa. Komanso, akunena poyera kuti "m'miyezi isanu ndi inayi yapitayi" (ndiko kuti, asilikali atangoyamba kumene mu January 2022 ndi kutenga nawo mbali), "zinthu zafika poipa". [9]
Kawirikawiri, chitsanzo cha kulanda mphamvu mwachiwawa chikupangidwa m'mayiko omwe akuchulukirachulukira ntchito zowononga za Islamic radicals. Asitikali a UN (akamvetsetsa "zoyipa" zachi French ndi G5 - Sahel asitikali) aphwanya chiwopsezo cha jihadists ndipo kumenyana kumakhalabe m'gawo lankhondo za zigawenga, kuwononga ndi kuwukira anthu wamba, asitikali akumaloko mwapatsidwa. dziko likuganiza kuti ola lake lafika; akuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi Asilamu okhwima sikuyenda bwino ndipo ... imatenga mphamvu.
Mosakayikira, mkhalidwe wabwino - magulu ankhondo achisilamu alibenso mphamvu zolowera likulu lanu ndikukhazikitsa mtundu wina wa "Islamic State" kwa inu, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, kumenyana kuli kutali ndipo pali chinachake choti chiwopsyeze anthu. . Nkhani yosiyana ndi yakuti anthu ambiri amawopa gulu lankhondo "lawo" pazifukwa zingapo. Amachokera ku kusachita thayo kwa akuluakulu ankhondo mpaka kusiyana pakati pa mafuko a akuluakulu omwewo.
Pazonsezi, kuopsa kowona kwa njira za "Wagner", omwe ali othandizira "zochita zazikulu" ndi "kudula mitengo yamakampani", zawonjezedwa kale. [39]
Ndipamene tiyenera kuchoka kwa kamphindi ulendo wautali pa mbiri ya kulowa kwa Chisilamu ku West Africa ndikuyang'anitsitsa zochitika zomwe sizinachitike mwangozi. Pofunafuna anthu pazifukwa zawo, makamaka atasiyidwa ndi magulu ankhondo a Tuareg potsatira kulephera kwa zigawenga kumpoto kwa Mali, zigawenga zachisilamu zikutembenukira kwa Fulani, anthu osamukasamuka a abusa obadwa nawo omwe amachita ubusa wosamukira kumayiko ena. lamba wochokera ku Gulf of Guinea kupita ku Nyanja Yofiira, kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara.
A Fulani (omwe amadziwikanso kuti Fula, Fulbe, Hilani, Philata, Fulau, ndipo ngakhale Pyol, malingana ndi zilankhulo ziti zomwe zimalankhulidwa m'derali) ndi amodzi mwa anthu oyambirira a ku Africa kutembenukira ku Chisilamu komanso chifukwa cha moyo wawo komanso zamoyo zimanyozedwa komanso kusalidwa. M'malo mwake, kugawidwa kwa malo a Fulani kumawoneka motere:
A Fulani ali pafupifupi 16,800,000 ku Nigeria mwa chiŵerengero chonse cha 190 miliyoni; 4,900,000 ku Guinea (ndi likulu la Conakry) mwa okhalamo 13 miliyoni); 3,500,000 ku Senegal kuchokera m’dziko la anthu 16 miliyoni; 3,000,000 ku Mali mwa anthu 18.5 miliyoni; 2,900,000 ku Cameroon mwa anthu 24 miliyoni; 1,600,000 ku Niger mwa anthu 21 miliyoni; 1,260,000 ku Mauritania mwa anthu 4.2 miliyoni; 1,200,000 ku Burkina Faso (Upper Volta) mwa anthu 19 miliyoni; 580,000 mu Chad mwa chiŵerengero cha anthu 15 miliyoni; 320,000 ku Gambia mwa anthu 2 miliyoni; 320,000 ku Guinea-Bissau mwa anthu 1.9 miliyoni; 310,000 ku Sierra Leone mwa anthu 6.2 miliyoni; 250,000 ku Central African Republic okhala ndi anthu 5.4 miliyoni (ofufuza akugogomezera kuti ili ndi theka la Asilamu adzikolo, omwenso ndi pafupifupi 10% ya anthu); 4,600 ku Ghana mwa anthu 28 miliyoni; ndi 1,800 ku Côte d'Ivoire mwa anthu 23.5 miliyoni. [38] Gulu la anthu a Fulani lakhazikitsidwanso ku Sudan panjira yopita ku Mecca. Tsoka ilo, a Fulani aku Sudan ndi anthu omwe sanaphunzirepo kanthu ndipo ziwerengero zawo sizinayesedwe panthawi ya kalembera. [38]
Monga chiwerengero cha anthu, a Fulani amapanga 38% ya anthu ku Guinea (ndi likulu la Conakry), 30% ku Mauritania, 22% ku Senegal, pansi pa 17% ku Guinea-Bissau, 16% ku Mali ndi Gambia, 12% ku Cameroon, pafupifupi 9% ku Nigeria, 7.6% ku Niger, 6.3% ku Burkina Faso, 5% ku Sierra Leone ndi Central African Republic, ochepera 4% ya anthu ku Chad komanso magawo ochepa kwambiri ku Ghana ndi Côte. d'Ivoire Ivory. [38]
Kangapo m'mbiri, a Fulani adapanga maufumu. Zitsanzo zitatu zitha kutchulidwa:
• M’zaka za zana la 18, anakhazikitsa dziko lateokrase la Futa-Jalon ku Central Guinea;
• M'zaka za zana la 19, Ufumu wa Massina ku Mali (1818 - 1862), wokhazikitsidwa ndi Sekou Amadou Barii, ndiye Amadou Sekou Amadou, yemwe adagonjetsa mzinda waukulu wa Timbuktu.
• Komanso m'zaka za zana la 19, Ufumu wa Sokoto unakhazikitsidwa ku Nigeria.
Maufumuwa adatsimikizira kukhala mabungwe osakhazikika a boma, komabe, ndipo lero, palibe boma lomwe likulamulidwa ndi Fulani. [38]
Monga tanenera kale, mwamwambo a Fulani ndi abusa osamukasamuka, osamukasamuka. Iwo akhala choncho nthawi zambiri, ngakhale ataganiziridwa kuti angapo a iwo akhazikika pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa cha malire omwe aikidwa pa iwo ndi kufalikira kosalekeza kwa chipululu m'madera ena, ndi chifukwa cha kubalalika kwawo, ndi chifukwa maboma ena apanga mapulogalamu omwe cholinga chake ndi kutsogolera anthu oyendayenda kumoyo wongokhala. [7], [8], [11], [19], [21], [23], [25], [42]
Ambiri a iwo ndi Asilamu, pafupifupi onse ali m’maiko angapo. M'mbiri yakale, adachita gawo lofunikira pakulowa kwa Chisilamu ku West Africa.
Wolemba komanso woganiza waku Maliya Amadou Hampate Bâ (1900-1991), yemwenso ndi wa anthu a Fulani, pokumbukira momwe amawaonera ndi madera ena, akuyerekeza ndi Ayuda, monganso Ayuda asanalengedwe. Israeli , adabalalitsidwa m'mayiko ambiri, kumene amapanga chipongwe mobwerezabwereza kuchokera kumadera ena, omwe samasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana: a Fulani nthawi zambiri amawaona kuti ndi okonda communitarianism, nepotism ndi chinyengo. [38]
Mikangano yachikhalidwe m'madera osamukira ku Fulani, pakati pawo, kumbali imodzi, monga abusa oyendayenda komanso alimi okhazikika amitundu yosiyanasiyana, kwinakwake, komanso kuti alipo kwambiri kuposa mafuko ena. maiko ambiri (ndipo chifukwa chake amalumikizana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a anthu), mosakayikira amathandizira kufotokozera mbiriyi, yomwe nthawi zambiri imasungidwa ndi anthu omwe adalowa nawo kutsutsa ndi kukangana. [8], [19], [23], [25], [38]
Lingaliro loti akupanga ma vectors a jihadism ndi laposachedwa kwambiri ndipo atha kufotokozedwa ndi gawo la a Fulani mu mbiri yakale yachigawenga chapakati cha Mali - m'chigawo cha Masina komanso m'chigawo cha Masina. kupindika kwa Mtsinje wa Niger . [26], [28], [36], [41]
Polankhula za zomwe zikuchitika pakati pa a Fulani ndi "Jihadists", nthawi zonse ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti m'mbiri yonse ya Africa, mikangano yayamba ndipo ikupitiriza kukhalapo pakati pa alimi okhazikika ndi abusa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala oyendayenda kapena oyendayenda. ndi kukhala ndi chizolowezi chosamuka ndi kusamuka ndi ziweto zawo. Alimi amadzudzula abusa a ng’ombe kuti awonongera mbewu zawo ndi ng’ombe zawo, ndipo abusa akudandaula ndi kubedwa kwa ziweto, kupeza madzi ovutirapo komanso kulepheretsa kuyenda kwawo. [38]
Koma kuyambira 2010, mikangano yomwe ikuchulukirachulukira komanso yakupha yasintha kwambiri, makamaka m'chigawo cha Sahel. Nkhondo yapamanja ndi m'makalabu yasinthidwa ndikuwombera mfuti za Kalashnikov. [5], [7], [8], [41]
Kukula kosalekeza kwa malo aulimi, kochititsidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu mofulumira kwambiri, pang’onopang’ono kumachepetsa malo odyetserako ziweto ndi ziweto. Panthawiyi, chilala choopsa cha m’ma 1970 ndi m’ma 1980 chinachititsa abusa kusamukira kum’mwera kupita kumadera kumene anthu okhalamo anali osazoloŵera kupikisana ndi anthu osamukasamuka. Kuonjezera apo, kuika patsogolo mfundo zoyendetsera ntchito zoweta kwambiri ziweto kumapangitsa kuti anthu osamukasamuka azisiya. [12], [38]
Posiyidwa ndi ndondomeko zachitukuko, abusa othawa kwawo nthawi zambiri amaona kuti akusalidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma, amaona kuti akukhala m'malo ovuta ndipo amayesetsa kuteteza zofuna zawo. Kuphatikiza apo, magulu a zigawenga ndi zigawenga zomwe zikumenyana ku West ndi Central Africa akuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito kukhumudwa kwawo kuti awagonjetse. [7], [10], [12], [14], [25], [26]
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, abusa ambiri a m’derali ndi a Fulani, omwenso ndi oyendayenda okha amene amapezeka m’mayiko onse a m’derali.
Chikhalidwe cha ena mwa maufumu a Fulani omwe tatchulidwa pamwambapa, komanso miyambo yodziwika bwino yankhondo ya Fulani, yachititsa anthu ambiri kuti akhulupirire kuti kutenga nawo mbali kwa Fulani pakuwonekera kwa zigawenga za jihadism m'chigawo chapakati cha Mali kuyambira 2015 ndi chinthu chophatikizana. cholowa chambiri komanso kudziwika kwa anthu a Fulani, omwe amaperekedwa ngati bête noire ("chilombo chakuda"). Kutenga nawo gawo kwa a Fulani pakukula kwa chiwopsezo cha zigawenga ku Burkina Faso kapena ku Niger kukuwoneka kuti kumatsimikizira malingaliro awa. [30], [38]
Polankhula za mbiri yakale, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti a Fulani adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri polimbana ndi atsamunda a ku France, makamaka ku Futa-Jalon ndi madera ozungulira - madera omwe angakhale madera aku France a Guinea, Senegal ndi French Sudan. .
Komanso, kusiyana kofunikira kuyenera kupangidwa kuti pamene a Fulani adagwira ntchito yofunikira pakupanga malo atsopano a zigawenga ku Burkina Faso, momwe zinthu zilili ku Niger ndizosiyana: ndizowona kuti pali kuukira kwanthawi ndi nthawi kwa magulu opangidwa ndi Fulani, koma awa ndi owukira akunja. kuchokera ku Mali. [30], [38]
Muzochita, komabe, mkhalidwe wa Fulani umasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kaya ndi njira yawo ya moyo ( digiri ya kukhazikika, mlingo wa maphunziro, etc.), momwe amadzionera okha, kapena ngakhale njira , malinga ndi zomwe amazidziwa ndi ena.
Musanayambe kufufuza mozama njira zosiyanasiyana zogwirizanirana pakati pa Fulani ndi jihadists, zochitika zazikulu ziyenera kuzindikiridwa, zomwe tidzabwerera kumapeto kwa kusanthula uku. Zinanenedwa kuti a Fulani amakhala obalalika ku Africa - kuchokera ku Gulf of Guinea pa Nyanja ya Atlantic kumadzulo, mpaka kumphepete mwa Nyanja Yofiira kummawa. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa njira zakale kwambiri zamalonda ku Africa - njira yomwe imayenda nthawi yomweyo m'mphepete mwa chipululu cha Sahara, komwe mpaka lero ndi imodzi mwanjira zofunika kwambiri zomwe ulimi wosamukasamuka umachitika ku Sahel.
Ngati, kumbali ina, tiyang'ana mapu a mayiko omwe PMC "Wagner" amachita ntchito zovomerezeka, pothandizira magulu ankhondo a boma (mosasamala kanthu kuti boma ndilovomerezeka kapena linayamba kulamulira chifukwa cha kuponderezedwa kwaposachedwa - onani makamaka Mali ndi Burkina Faso ), tidzawona kuti pali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa mayiko omwe a Fulani amakhala ndi kumene "Wagnerovites" amagwira ntchito.
Kumbali ina, izi zitha kukhala chifukwa chongochitika mwangozi. PMC "Wagner" imathetsa bwino maiko omwe kuli mikangano yayikulu yamkati, ndipo ngati ndi nkhondo zapachiweniweni - ngakhale zili bwino. Ndi Prigozhin kapena popanda Prigozhin (anthu ena amamuonabe wamoyo), PMC "Wagner" si kugwedezeka pa udindo wake. Choyamba, chifukwa chiyenera kukwaniritsa mapangano omwe ndalama zatengedwa, ndipo kachiwiri, chifukwa ndilo udindo wa geopolitical wa boma lalikulu la Russian Federation.
Palibe zabodza zazikulu kuposa kulengeza kwa "Wagner" ngati "kampani yankhondo yachinsinsi" - PMC. Mmodzi angafunse zomwe zili "zachinsinsi" za kampani yomwe idapangidwa motsogozedwa ndi boma lalikulu, yokhala ndi zida, yopatsidwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri (choyamba ku Syria, kenako kwina kulikonse), ikupereka "ndodo yaumwini", kudzera kukhululukidwa kwa akaidi okhala ndi zilango zazikulu. Ndi "utumiki" woterewu ndi boma, ndizoposa kusocheretsa, ndizolakwika kwambiri, kutchula "Wagner" "kampani yachinsinsi".
PMC "Wagner" ndi chida chokwaniritsira zolinga za Putin pazandale ndipo ali ndi udindo wolowa mu "Russky Mir" m'malo omwe si "ukhondo" kuti gulu lankhondo laku Russia liwonekere mu mawonekedwe ake onse ovomerezeka. Kampaniyo nthawi zambiri imawonekera pomwe pali kusakhazikika kwakukulu kwandale kuti ipereke ntchito zake ngati Mephistopheles yamakono. A Fulani ali ndi tsoka lokhala m'malo omwe kusakhazikika kwa ndale kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, kotero poyang'ana koyamba kukangana kwawo ndi PMC Wagner sikuyenera kudabwitsa.
Kumbali ina, komabe, zosiyana ndi zoona. Magulu a “Wagner” PMCs “anayenda” motsatira njira ya malonda akale omwe atchulidwa kale - njira yamasiku ano yoweta ng'ombe yosamukasamuka, yomwe mbali yake ikugwirizana ndi njira yomwe mayiko ambiri a mu Africa amapita ku Haji ku Mecca. A Fulani ndi anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni makumi atatu ndipo ngati ali okhwima, angayambitse mkangano womwe ungakhale ndi khalidwe la nkhondo ya ku Africa.
Mpaka pano m'nthawi yathu ino, nkhondo zachigawo zosawerengeka zakhala zikumenyedwa ku Africa ndi kuvulala kwakukulu ndi kuwonongeka kosawerengeka ndi chiwonongeko. Koma pali nkhondo zosachepera ziwiri zomwe zimati ngakhale zilembo zosavomerezeka za "nkhondo zapadziko lonse za ku Africa", mwa kuyankhula kwina - nkhondo zomwe zinaphatikizapo mayiko ambiri ku kontinenti ndi kupitirira. Izi ndi nkhondo ziwiri ku Congo (lero Democratic Republic of the Congo). Yoyamba idayamba pa Okutobala 24, 1996 mpaka Meyi 16, 1997 (kupitilira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi) ndipo idapangitsa kuti wolamulira wankhanza wa dziko la Zaire - Mobuto Sese Seko alowe m'malo mwa Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Mayiko a 18 ndi mabungwe ankhondo akukhudzidwa mwachindunji ndi nkhondo, mothandizidwa ndi mayiko a 3 + 6, ena mwa iwo sali otseguka kwathunthu. Nkhondoyo inayambidwanso ndi kuphana kwa mafuko m’dziko loyandikana nalo la Rwanda, kumene kunachititsa kuti anthu ambiri othaŵa kwawo ku DR Congo (panthaŵiyo akhale Zaire).
Nkhondo Yoyamba ya ku Congo itangotha, Allies opambana adamenyana wina ndi mzake ndipo mwamsanga inasanduka Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya Congo, yomwe imatchedwanso "Nkhondo Yaikulu Yaku Africa", yomwe inatha pafupifupi zaka zisanu, kuyambira August 2, 1998 mpaka August 18, 2003. July XNUMX, XNUMX. Chiŵerengero cha magulu ankhondo amene akuloŵetsedwa m’nkhondo imeneyi n’kosatheka kudziŵa, koma nkokwanira kunena kuti kumbali ya Laurent-Désiré Kabila akumenyana ndi magulu ankhondo ochokera ku Angola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe ndi Sudan, pamene akumenyana ndi magulu ankhondo ochokera ku Angola, Chad, Namibia, Zimbabwe ndi Sudan. boma la Kinshasa ndi Uganda, Rwanda ndi Burundi. Monga momwe ofufuza amalimbikitsira nthawi zonse, ena mwa "othandizira" amalowererapo osaitanidwa.
Mkati mwa nkhondoyi, pulezidenti wa dziko la DR Congo, Laurent-Désiré Kabila, anamwalira ndipo m'malo mwake Joseph Kabila. Kupatula nkhanza ndi chiwonongeko chonse chomwe chingachitike, nkhondoyi imakumbukiridwanso pakutha kwa anthu wamba 60,000 (!), komanso ankhondo pafupifupi 10,000 a pygmy. Nkhondoyi inatha ndi mgwirizano womwe unachititsa kuti asilikali onse akunja achoke ku DR Congo, kusankhidwa kwa Joseph Kabila kukhala pulezidenti wokhazikika, ndi kulumbirira kwa achiwiri kwa pulezidenti anayi omwe adagwirizana kale, malingana ndi zofuna za magulu onse omenyana. Mu 2006, zisankho zazikulu zidachitika, chifukwa zitha kuchitikira m'dziko la Central Africa lomwe lakumanapo ndi nkhondo ziwiri zotsatizana zapakati pazaka zopitilira zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Chitsanzo cha nkhondo ziwiri ku Congo zingatipatse lingaliro lovuta la zomwe zingachitike ngati nkhondo itayambika ku Sahel yokhudzana ndi anthu a Fulani 30 miliyoni. Sitingathe kukayikira kuti zochitika zofananazi zakhala zikuganiziridwa kwa nthawi yaitali m'mayiko a m'deralo, makamaka ku Moscow, kumene mwina amaganiza kuti ndi zochitika za PMC "Wagner" ku Mali, Algeria, Libya, Sudan, South Sudan, CAR ndi Cameroon (komanso ku DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Mozambique ndi Madagascar), "amasunga dzanja lawo pachiwonetsero" cha mkangano waukulu womwe ungayambitsidwe chifukwa chofunikira.
Zokhumba za Moscow kukhala chinthu chofunikira ku Africa sizichokera dzulo konse. Ku USSR, kunali sukulu yokonzekera bwino ya apolisi, akazembe komanso, koposa zonse, akatswiri ankhondo omwe anali okonzeka kulowererapo m'chigawo chimodzi kapena china cha kontinenti ngati kuli kofunikira. Gawo lalikulu la mayiko ku Africa linapangidwa ndi Soviet General Administration of Geodesy and Cartography (kumbuyo mu 1879 - 1928) ndipo "Wagners" akhoza kudalira chithandizo chabwino kwambiri cha chidziwitso.
Pali zisonyezo zamphamvu za chikoka champhamvu cha Russia pochita zigawenga ku Mali ndi Burkina Faso. Pakadali pano, palibe zonena kuti Russia idachita nawo kulanda boma la Niger, mlembi wa boma wa US Blinken akukana izi. Chotsatiracho, ndithudi, sichikutanthauza kuti pa moyo wake Prigozhin sanalandire okonza chiwembu ndipo sanapereke ntchito za gulu lake lankhondo "lachinsinsi".
Mu mzimu wa miyambo yakale ya Marxist, panonso Russia imagwira ntchito ndi pulogalamu yochepa komanso pulogalamu yayikulu. Chochepa ndi "kupondaponda" m'mayiko ambiri, kulanda "malo ozungulira", kupanga chikoka pakati pa anthu osankhika am'deralo, makamaka pakati pa asilikali, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mchere wambiri wamtengo wapatali momwe mungathere. PMC "Wagner" yapeza kale zotsatira pankhaniyi.
Pulogalamu yapamwamba ndiyo kulamulira dera lonse la Sahel ndikulola Moscow kusankha zomwe zidzachitike kumeneko - mtendere kapena nkhondo. Wina anganene momveka kuti: "Inde, ndithudi - ndizomveka kusonkhanitsa ndalama za maboma a chiwembu ndikukumba mchere wamtengo wapatali momwe mungathere. Koma kodi anthu aku Russia amafunikira chiyani kuti athe kuwongolera maiko a Sahel?"
Yankho la funso lomveka ili liri pa mfundo yakuti pakachitika nkhondo yankhondo ku Sahel, othawa kwawo adzathamangira ku Ulaya. Awa adzakhala unyinji wa anthu omwe sangathe kusungidwa ndi apolisi okha. Tidzawona zochitika ndi zowoneka zoipa ndi mlandu waukulu wabodza. Mwachiwonekere, mayiko a ku Ulaya adzayesa kuvomereza gawo la anthu othawa kwawo, chifukwa chotsekera ena ku Africa, omwe adzayenera kuthandizidwa ndi EU chifukwa cha chitetezo chawo chonse.
Kwa Moscow, zonsezi zikanakhala zochitika za paradiso zomwe Moscow sakanazengereza kuyambitsa panthawi ina, ngati atapatsidwa mwayi. Zikuwonekeratu kuti kuthekera kwa France kuti achite nawo gawo lalikulu lachitetezo chamtendere akufunsidwa, komanso akufunsidwa ndi chikhumbo cha France kupitiliza kuchita ntchito zotere, makamaka pambuyo pa mlandu ku Mali ndi kutha kwa ntchito ya UN. Apo. Ku Moscow, sada nkhawa kuti achite zachinyengo za nyukiliya, koma zomwe zatsala kuti ziphulitse "bomba losamuka", momwe mulibe ma radiation ya radioactive, koma zotsatira zake zitha kukhala zowononga.
Ndendende pazifukwa izi, njira zomwe zili m'maiko a Sahel ziyenera kutsatiridwa ndikuphunziridwa mozama, kuphatikiza asayansi aku Bulgaria ndi akatswiri. Bulgaria ili patsogolo pazovuta zakusamuka ndipo akuluakulu aboma m'dziko lathu akuyenera kukhala ndi chikoka chofunikira pa mfundo za EU kuti akhale okonzekera "zadzidzidzi" zotere.
Gawo lachiwiri likutsatira
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Ponena za wolemba:
Teodor Detchev wakhala pulofesa wothandizira wanthawi zonse ku Higher School of Security and Economics (VUSI) - Plovdiv (Bulgaria) kuyambira 2016.
Anaphunzitsa ku New Bulgarian University - Sofia ndi VTU "St. Cyril ndi Methodius”. Panopa amaphunzitsa ku VUSI, komanso ku UNSS. Maphunziro ake akuluakulu a maphunziro ndi awa: Ubale wa mafakitale ndi chitetezo, mgwirizano wa mafakitale ku Ulaya, Economic sociology (mu Chingerezi ndi Chibugariya), Ethnosociology, mikangano ya Ethno-ndale ndi dziko, Uchigawenga ndi kupha ndale - mavuto a ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, Kukula bwino kwa mabungwe.
Iye ndi mlembi wa ntchito zoposa 35 zasayansi pa kukana moto kwa nyumba zomanga ndi kukana kwa zipolopolo zachitsulo zacylindrical. Iye ndi mlembi wa ntchito zoposa 40 pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, sayansi ya ndale ndi maubwenzi a mafakitale, kuphatikizapo monographs: Ubale wa mafakitale ndi chitetezo - gawo 1. Kugwirizana kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu mu mgwirizano wamagulu (2015); Institutional Interaction and Industrial Relations (2012); Social Dialogue mu Private Security Sector (2006); "Flexible Forms of Work" ndi (Post) Industrial Relations ku Central ndi Eastern Europe (2006).
Iye adalemba nawo mabuku: Zosintha mu zokambirana zamagulu. Maonekedwe a ku Ulaya ndi ku Bulgaria; Olemba ntchito ku Bulgaria ndi akazi kuntchito; Kukambitsirana Kwachiyanjano ndi Kulemba Ntchito Kwa Akazi Pagawo la Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zamoyo Zachilengedwe ku Bulgaria. Posachedwapa wakhala akugwira ntchito pa nkhani za ubale pakati pa ubale wa mafakitale ndi chitetezo; kukhazikitsidwa kwa kusagwirizana kwa zigawenga padziko lonse lapansi; mavuto a chikhalidwe cha anthu, mikangano yamitundu ndi mafuko ndi zipembedzo.
Membala wa International Labor and Employment Relations Association (ILERA), American Sociological Association (ASA) ndi Bulgarian Association for Political Science (BAPN).
Social demokalase ndi zikhulupiliro za ndale. Munthawi ya 1998 - 2001, anali Wachiwiri kwa Minister of Labor and Social Policy. Mkonzi-Mkulu wa nyuzipepala "Svoboden Narod" kuyambira 1993 mpaka 1997. Mtsogoleri wa nyuzipepala "Svoboden Narod" mu 2012 - 2013. Wachiwiri Wapampando ndi Wapampando wa SSI mu nthawi ya 2003 - 2011. Mtsogoleri wa "Industrial Policy" pa AIKB kuyambira 2014 .mpaka lero. Membala wa NSTS kuyambira 2003 mpaka 2012.
