Ngomhla wesi-6 ku-Agasti 1890, uhlobo lokubulala olubizwa ngokuba sisitulo sombane lwasetyenziswa okokuqala eUnited States. Umntu wokuqala owabulawayo yayinguWilliam Kemmler. Kwiminyaka esithoba kamva, ngowe-1899, ibhinqa lokuqala, uMartha M. Place, labulawa kwiNtolongo yeSing Sing.
Kodwa kwaba yiminyaka engama-45 kamva, ngowe-1944, ekwathi kwabulawa inkwenkwana eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala egama linguGeorge Stinney. Lo mfana untsundu wafunyanwa enetyala lokubulala amantombazana amabini kwaye ngoko nangoko wagwetywa yinkundla yabamhlophe ukuba afe kabuhlungu kwisitulo sombane. Eyona nto ibangel’ umdla kukuba olu hlaselo lukhohlakeleyo lwamalungelo oluntu lube nesiqalo salo ngo-2014 xa inkundla yezibheno, ibulela umbutho wamalungelo abantu abantsundu, obunobungqina belo tyala, yathi umsulwa, akanatyala, kodwa umsulwa.
Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yee-1980, ndisebenza njengomenzi wefilimu, ndafumana ithuba lokuthabatha inxaxheba kuxwebhu olungeendlela zokufa yaye phakathi kwazo, enye yezona zinto zothusayo yayikukubona inkqubo yokuhlaliswa komntu esitulweni nentloko yakhe. amalungu ayebotshelelwa esitulweni ngeentambo. Emva koko i-splint yafakwa emlonyeni wakhe ukuze angaginyi ulwimi lwakhe kwaye axutywe ngexesha lokuxubha, amehlo akhe avaliwe, i-gauze okanye uboya bekotoni ibekwe phezu kwabo, kwaye i-tape yokubambelela isetyenziswe ukuze bahlale bevaliwe.
Phezu kwentloko yakhe, isigcina-ntloko esiqhagamshelwe ngeengcingo kumnatha wombane yaye ekugqibeleni kwasetyenziswa intuthumbo eyoyikekayo yokuqhotswa kwakhe. Ubushushu bomzimba wakhe bebunokunyuka bube ngaphezulu kwama-60 degrees kwaye, emva kokuxhuzula okumanyumnyezi, kufuneka azikhulule kwaye abe nothotho lokugabha, okwathi, ngenxa yokuqhawuka kunye nohlobo oluthile lomtya oncanyathiselwe esilevini sakhe, kushiye kuphela igwebu elimhlophe likrobe ngaphandle. ngeembombo zomlomo wakhe, uya kufa. Oku kwakugqalwa njengokufa kwabantu, ekubeni ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, kwathatyathelw’ indawo ukuxhoma, nto leyo eyayibonakala ikhohlakele.
Namhlanje lo mkhuba awusasetyenziswa, nangona amanye amazwe aseMelika, kuquka noMzantsi Carolina, ehlala ewunika amabanjwa njengokhetho. Akukho bungqina bokusetyenziswa kwayo namhlanje, nangona iindlela ezifanayo zisetyenziswa kwezinye zeentuthumbo ezibhaliweyo ezenziwa ngoongqondongqondo basembindini okanye iintshukumo zobunqolobi emhlabeni jikelele. Ukungcungcuthekiswa ngokutshintshana okanye ngokungqalileyo kusephakathi kwezona ndlela zilishumi zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.
Ngamanye amazwi, ukusetyenziswa kombane njengendlela yokufa okanye ukungcungcuthekiswa ukufumana ulwazi ngokusisiseko sele ihlelwa njengetyala lamalungelo oluntu kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanywa nawona mazwe anoburharha emhlabeni, ahlala etyikitya imiqulu eyahlukeneyo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo egweba olu hlobo. izenzo.
Kutheni, ke, ukuba umkhosi weengcali zengqondo kwihlabathi jikelele uqhubekisela phambili umkhuba oye wagwetywa ngoogxa babo abaninzi, ngokuchasene nezikhokelo kunye neengcebiso zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi, iZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo enxulumene nayo. kwiManyano yaseYurophu kulo mmandla? Yintoni abazama ukungqina ngayo?
Ngo-1975, kwisibhedlele sase-Oregon State e-Salem, isibhedlele sengqondo esisekho nanamhlanje, i-interiors yeyona filimu ibalaseleyo kwimbali yadutshulwa: Umntu Wabhabha Phezu kwe-Cuckoo's Nest. Ifilimu yehlelo, ibekwe kwindawo ye-33 kwiifilimu ezili-100 zenkulungwane yama-20. Oku akusiyo indawo yokuphuhlisa isicwangciso, kodwa kusithatha kubomi besibhedlele sengqondo apho unyango lwe-electroconvulsive lwenziwa kwi-1960s.
Iploti imiselwe ngo-1965 kwaye ibonisa unyango lwezigulane ezikweli ziko. Abongikazi abanobundlobongela, baxakeke kukulawula izigulane. Oogqirha abazisebenzisayo ukwenza imifuniselo kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke ukucinezela oko bakugqala njengomsindo wabo. I-Electroconvulsion kwaye ngakumbi i-lobotomy yomzala wayo wokuqala iyinxalenye, kule filimu, yento eyenziwa yiklasi yengqondo ngelo xesha, kunye neminyaka emininzi kamva.
Ekugqibeleni, imeko, esaphindaphindwayo namhlanje kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, isoloko ifana. Isigulana siphathwa njengebanjwa, sivalelwa nakuphi na ukuba nokuthetha ngento eza kwenzeka kuye, ibe ngumgwebi odlala uPilato, ohlamba izandla zakhe ngephepha elilula elichaza ukuba lo mbandela. , lo mntu ugula ngengqondo kwaye uyalufuna olu nyango, ngokutsho kwengcali yengqondo esemsebenzini.
Bahlala esitulweni, okanye babekwe kwi-stretcher, bengahoywa, ukuba banolwazi kwaye abaxinaniswanga ngama-antidepressants kunye ne-tranquilizers, kwaye i-electrodes ifakwe elukhumbeni lwentloko yabo, apho ikhoyo ngoku, ngaphandle kokwazi ukuba yintoni unyango. iya kuvelisa. Iqhekezana lide lifakwe emilonyeni yabo ukubathintela ukuba bangaginyi ulwimi lwabo ukuze kusetyenziswe umsinga ngaphandle kokuzisola.
Ewe, kukho amaphononongo athetha ngophuculo oluthile phakathi kwezigulana ezinoxinzelelo olukhulu lwezonyango, kwezinye iimeko amanani afikelela kuma-64%. Ngokukwanjalo, kwimeko ye-schizophrenia enobundlobongela, kubonakala ngathi ubuntu bezi zigulana buyaphucuka kwaye azikho ndlongondlongo kangako. Kwaye ngoko kunokwenzeka ukuhlala nabo. Bazizigulana ezigwetyelwe ubomi kunyango oluqatha lwe-electroconvulsive, uninzi lwazo lungenalo ilizwi ngokufanelekileyo kunyango lwazo. Isoloko ingabanye abagqibayo, kodwa yintoni efunwa ngumguli?
Phambi kolu phando lungekho rhoqo, luqhutywa ikakhulu kwiindawo zengqondo, ezihlawulelwa ngamashishini axuba amayeza anomdla wokuthengisa amachiza e-psychotropic, ukungaphumeleli akuhoywa, amakhulu amawaka abantu olu nyango lusetyenziswe nabo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. naziphi na iziphumo. Amanani anjalo akapapashwa. Ngoba?
Izikhewu ezisengqondweni, ukulahlekelwa yinkumbulo, ukulahlekelwa yintetho, iingxaki zemoto kwezinye iimeko, kwaye ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinto ezikhobokisayo kwiziyobisi ezichasene ne-antipsychotic ngokwenene sisibetho esithe, nangona imigudu yemibutho egxeka izenzo ezinjalo, ayiphumeleli.
EUnited States, okanye kwi-European Union, xa olu hlobo lonyango olunobundlongondlongo nolugxekayo, ukuthuthunjiswa kwezonyango, kusetyenziswe, ngokufutshane, i-anesthesia idla ngokusetyenziswa kwisigulane. Kubizwa ngokuba lunyango olunohlengahlengiso. Nangona kunjalo, kwamanye amazwe, umzekelo eRashiya, kuphela i-20% yezigulane ezenza lo mkhuba ngonyango lokuphumla. Kwaye ke kumazwe anjengeJapan, iChina, iIndiya, iThailand, iTurkey, nakwamanye amazwe apho, nangona isetyenziswa, akukho datha yamanani kulo mbandela, isaqhutywa ngendlela endala.
I-Electroconvulsion, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, yindlela enyhasha amalungelo abantu, kuquka abo bathi ngexesha elithile babonakale beyifuna. Kwakhona, ngaphandle kokuba kubekho uphononongo oluqhelekileyo, oluya kuba lunomdla kakhulu, ndiyakholelwa ukuba ngakumbi nangakumbi obu buchule busetyenziswe kwizibhedlele zengqondo kwihlabathi jikelele ukupheliswa kwabantu, ukuze kwenziwe izifundo kwizigulane ezigulayo. inkathazo. Abantu abangathethi nto eluntwini nabanokwenziwa bangabi namsebenzi.
Ngaba zonke izenzo zengqondo bezisoloko zisetyenziselwa inzuzo yoluntu, okanye kunoko ukuze kuxhamle iinkampani ezimbalwa ezinkulu?
Imibuzo iyaqhubeka kwaye, ngokubanzi, oogqirha bengqondo abanazo naziphi na iimpendulo. Kwanaxa, emva kovavanyo lokuphumelela-impazamo baqhuba unyango lwabo lwe-electroconvulsive, kwaye oku kubanika into efana nempendulo enomdla, bayakwazi ukufumana ukuphuculwa okuncinci kwisigulane, akukho nto icacileyo; abazi ukuba basichaza njani isizathu solu phuculo. Akukho zimpendulo, okulungileyo okanye okubi enokuthi ivelise akwaziwa. Kwaye konke okunokuthethwa kukuba izigulana zisetyenziswa njengeehagu. Akukho gqirha wengqondo emhlabeni oza kuqinisekisa ukuba isenzo esinjalo sinokuphelisa nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka okutyholwa ukuba sisetyenziselwa kona. Akukho gqirha wengqondo ehlabathini. Kwaye ukuba akunjalo, ndiyabakhuthaza ukuba bacele ngokubhala uncedo lokwenene lokusela iipilisi okanye ukusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lonyango oluyingozi abanokulucebisa.
Kwelinye icala, kunye nokuqukumbela, uninzi lwabantu abaza kufunyaniswa ukuba bazizigulana ezinomdla wokufumana ukothuka kombane ebuchotsheni baye banyangwa ngamachiza okuthomalalisa ingqondo okanye athomalalisa uxinezeleko, bade baxinaniswe ne-anxiolytics. Ngokufutshane, ubuchopho babo buhlaselwe ngamayeza, izinto ezichasene nazo zidla ngokuba yingozi ngakumbi kunengxaki encinci abazama ukuyicombulula.
Kucacile ukuba uluntu oluhlala luvelisa izifo kufuneka luvelise amayeza azo. Yisangqa esigqibeleleyo, uluntu oluguqulayo, abantu abalwenzayo, lube ngabantu abagula ngengqondo, ngokubanzi, basenze izigulane ezingapheliyo ukuze bathathe iipilisi eziza kugcina iingqondo zethu kwi-dispensary yethu yeziyobisi ekufutshane.
Mhlawumbi, ngeli xesha, ndingathanda ukubuza umbuzo ukuba iingcali ezininzi zonyango, ezinye zazo ezinyanisekileyo zengqondo, zizibuza: Ngaba sonke sigula ngengqondo? Ngaba sidala izifo zengqondo ezingeyonyani?
Impendulo kumbuzo wokuqala ithi HAYI; kumbuzo wesibini, nguEwe.
umthombo:
I-Electroshock: unyango oluyimfuneko okanye ukuxhatshazwa kwengqondo? –BBC Iindaba zehlabathi
Kwaye abanye.
