Udliwano-ndlebe kunye noMyili wezakhiwo uVolodymyr Meshcheriakov, owayekhokela ukwakhiwa kwakhona kwecawa yembali kwi-2000-2010, yatshatyalaliswa nguStalin kwi-1930s.
NguGqr Ievgeniia Gidulianova
Ubusika obugqithileyo (14.09.2023) – Ngo-Agasti 2023, ngaphantsi kwenyanga emva kokuba umjukujelwa waseRashiya wonakalise kakhulu iCathedral yoTshintsho lwaseOdesa, uMyili wezakhiwo uVolodymyr Meshcheriakov (*) wayesezibukweni zaseUkraine ukuze ahlole umonakalo woqhankqalazo lwaseRashiya.
I-Meshcheriakov ngumntu ogama lakhe lidibene ngokuthe ngqo kwimbali yokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Odesa Cathedral yokuguqulwa koMsindisi, eyatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo ngexesha likaStalin.
Ngomnyaka we-1999, iqela labakhi bezakhiwo phantsi kobunkokeli bakhe liphumelele ikhwelo lesizwe kwiiprojekthi zokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Odesa Cathedral yokuguqulwa koMsindisi. I-cathedral yaphinda yakhiwa ngo-2000-2010 ngesiseko seprojekthi yakhe kwaye emva koko wanikwa iBhaso likaRhulumente lase-Ukraine kwintsimi yolwakhiwo lokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Odesa Cathedral. Ukwangumbhali we monograph kwesi sihloko.
Udliwanondlebe
Umbuzo: Ngokwembono yakho yobuchwephesha, uwujonga njani ubungakanani bentshabalalo eyabangelwa kuTshintsho lweCathedral ngenxa yokudubula kwemijukujelwa yaseRashiya eOdesa ngobusuku be-23 kaJulayi 2023?
Volodymyr Meshcheriakov: Irokethi yadlula ngokuthe nkqo kuphahla olungasentla kwesibingelelo sasekunene, itshabalalisa umgangatho wecathedral kunye nemigangatho emibini eyomeleziweyo engaphantsi komhlaba eyomeleziweyo yendawo engezantsi ye-Сthedral. Iindonga zale nxalenye yesakhiwo zazonakele kakhulu. Ngaphezulu kwe-70% yezakhiwo zephahla kunye nesigqubuthelo sobhedu seCathedral zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo okanye zonakaliswe yi-shrapnel kunye ne-wave blast. Phantse zonke iingubo zobhedu zophahla lwecathedral zixhomekeke ekuchithweni kunye nokubuyiselwa. Umhombiso wobugcisa bendawo yendawo ephezulu yesakhiwo yayiphantse yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Zonke ii-iconostases nazo zatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo-ibhastile enye kunye namacala amabini. Umgangatho webhastile wonakaliswe kakhulu ngamaqhekeza e-rocket.
Umbuzo: Ucinga ukuba kuya kubiza malini ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo i-Odesa Cathedral yoTshintsho loMsindisi?
UVolodymyr Meshcheriakov: Isixa kanye esifunekayo ukuze kubuyiselwe ngokupheleleyo iCathedral kunokumiselwa kuphela ngokusekelwe kuphuhliso lwesifundo senzululwazi, uyilo kunye noqikelelo lwamaxwebhu omsebenzi ofunekayo. Ukulungiswa kwamaxwebhu ophando oluneenkcukacha, ukudilizwa kunye nokubuyisela izakhiwo ezonakalisiweyo, ukuhonjiswa kwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweCathedral ngumsebenzi omkhulu ongathatha iminyaka emininzi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuphuhliswa kwamaxwebhu anjalo ngokweenkcukacha zam akwenziwanga, iziphakamiso zomsebenzi onjalo kunye nemithombo yenkxaso-mali ayichongwa.
Ndiyingcali yezobuchwephesha kwiSebe lezoBulungisa base-Ukraine kwaye ndikholelwa ukuba enye yezinto ezibhaliweyo zokubuyiselwa kweCathedral kunye nezinye izinto ezitshatyalalisiwe kufuneka zibe yingxelo ye-forensic kunye nezigqibo kunye nesixa somonakalo. Ngokombono wam, le mali ingalingana ne-5 yezigidi zeedola. Isixa-mali esifunekayo ukuze kubuyiselwe iCathedral ngendlela yayo yantlandlolo sinokuziswa enkundleni ukuze kubuyekezwe ilizwe elihlaseleyo.
Umbuzo: Ingathatha ixesha elingakanani ukuphumeza ukubuyiselwa?
UVolodymyr Meshcheriakov: Ndicinga ukuba emva kokuchonga imithombo yenkxaso-mali, abaxhasi kunye neenkampani zokwakha kwakhona, kuya kuthatha iminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwe-10 yomsebenzi onzima kunye nofanelekileyo ukubuyisela ngokupheleleyo iCathhedral. Ngoku, okokuqala, kuyimfuneko ukuhlola i-cathedral kwaye ulungiselele uqikelelo loyilo lokubuyisela.
I-cathedral yakhiwa yaza yakhiwa ngokutsha ngokwezigaba ngaphezu kweminyaka elikhulu. ICathedral Square yamiselwa ngo-1794 kwisicwangciso sokuqala sase-Odesa esizotywe yinjineli yomkhosi waseDatshi uFranz De Volan. Emva kokwakhiwa ngokutsha kokugqibela ngowe-1900-1903, yahlalisa abantu abamalunga ne-12,000 XNUMX yaye yayisesona sakhiwo sikhulu secawa kumazantsi eUkraine, isazulu sobomi bokomoya kubahlali baseOdesa.
Ngomnyaka we-1936, i-Odesa Cathedral of the Transfiguration of the Savior yaphangwa kwaye yatshatyalaliswa ngabasemagunyeni baseSoviet, njengamanye amabandla amaninzi e-USSR.
Ngo-1991, ndaqala ukuqokelela idatha yoqobo kunye nolunye ulwazi malunga neCathedral, kwaye ngo-1993, phantsi kobunkokeli bam, iprojekthi yokuqala yokwakha kwakhona le ndawo ilahlekileyo yelifa lenkcubeko yaseUkraine yagqitywa.
Ngo-1999 iprojekthi yethu yokwakha ngokutsha iCathedral yaphumelela ukhuphiswano lwesizwe kwaye saqhubeka siphuhlisa le projekthi. I-cathedral yakhiwa ngezigaba ezithathu, ukususela ngo-2000. Ngo-2007, yaqalwa ukusebenza, yafumana iwonga lesikhumbuzo sembali yokubaluleka kwendawo eUkraine kwaye yangcwaliswa ngokundilisekileyo ngo-2010. Umsebenzi wokwakha, ukuhombisa kunye nobugcisa waqhubeka ngaphezu Iminyaka eyi-10 ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente, ngokukodwa kwiminikelo evela kubemi, amashishini kunye neminye imibutho eyahlukeneyo. I-Black Sea Orthodox Fund yadalwa e-Odesa ukuqokelela imali kunye neminikelo yoyilo, ukwakhiwa kunye nokuhlobisa ubugcisa beCathedral.
Umbuzo: Ngaba nayiphi na imisebenzi esele iqhuba enxulumene namanyathelo angxamisekileyo ajolise ekulondolozeni nasekukhuseleni i-cathedral njengento yelifa lenkcubeko yaseUkraine ekutshatyalalisweni ngakumbi?
UVolodymyr Meshcheriakov: Okwangoku, ngenxa yeenzame zabemi, ingqushu yamaqhekeza ezakhiwo ezitshatyalalisiwe kunye nengaphakathi leCathedral isusiwe. Into ephambili ngoku kukufakwa kwesigqubuthelo sesikhashana ngaphambi kwexesha lekwindla-ebusika, ukukhusela izinto zangaphakathi kwimvula kunye nekhephu. Umsebenzi kweli cala uyaqhubeka , kodwa akwanelanga ngokokubona kwam.
Yonke imikhosi kunye neendlela zase-Ukraine ngoku zijolise ekuqinisekiseni umkhosi wase-Ukraine ukuba uphumelele umhlaseli owoyikekayo-iRussia kaPutin. Kwakhona, okokuqala, abemi baseUkraine amakhaya abo atshatyalalisiwe bafuna inkxaso yemali. Isakhiwo seCathedral siphethwe yi-Odesa Diocese ye-Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC), ekwanceda iimbacu kwaye ayinayo imali ebalulekileyo yokubuyiselwa kweCathedral yoGuquko.
Q. Ngubani e-Ukraine wathembisa ukufaka isandla ekwakhiweni kwakhona? Lingakanani igalelo labo elithenjisiweyo?
UVolodymyr Meshcheriakov: I-Odesa Cathedral ngo-1999 ifakwe kwiNkqubo kaRhulumente yoLwakhiwo ngokutsha lweeNdawo eziNgqwesileyo eziLahlekileyo zeNkcubeko zase-Ukraine, ezibonelela ngolwabiwo lwenkxaso-mali kuwo wonke umsebenzi kodwa akukho nkxaso-mali yale projekthi eyake yabiwa. I-Black Sea Orthodox Fund iye yavulwa ukuqokelela imali yokubuyisela i-cathedral. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, andinalo ulwazi malunga nabantu baseUkraine abavolontiya ukuba baxhase ngemali ukubuyiswa kweCathedral etshatyalaliswe luhlaselo lwaseRashiya.
UMBUZO
UVolodymyr Meshcheriakov: Hayi, khange badibane nam. Njengentloko yeqela labaqulunqi beCathedral eyakhiwe ngokutsha, ndibona kuyimfuneko ukwenza kubonakale kwisizukulwana sangoku nakwizizukulwana ezizayo into yokuba i-Odesa Shrine yatshatyalaliswa ngumjukujelwa waseRashiya. Kule njongo, iprojekthi yokubuyisela kufuneka ibandakanye isibonelelo esikhankanya imvelaphi yokutshatyalaliswa kwiindonga eziphambili ezonakalisiweyo ngaphandle kwe-cathedral nangaphakathi. Ukwenza oku, kwiprojekthi yokubuyisela kwixesha elizayo, iintanda kwiindonga ezonakalisiweyo ngaphandle nangaphakathi kweCathedral kufuneka zirekhodwe kwaye zibonakaliswe ngombala obomvu. Isigqibo esinjalo siya kubonakalisa ukubetha kweRussian missile kwiCathedral yaseOdesa. Ukutshatyalaliswa okurekhodiweyo kunye nokucaciswa kwale nxalenye yecathedral kunokuba yenye yeendawo zesikhumbuzo zaseUkraine kwinkumbulo yohlaselo lomkhosi waseRussia kaPutin.
Ngubani uVolodymyr Meshcheriakov:
Volodymyr Meshcheriakov yiPh.D Arch, iAs. UProf., oLaureate weBhaso likaRhulumente lase-Ukraine kwintsimi yolwakhiwo kwi-2010 yokwakhiwa kwakhona kwe-Odesa Transfiguration Cathedral, iLungu leKomiti yaseUkraine ye-ICOMOS, uSihlalo wesebe lengingqi ye-Odesa ye-Architectural Chamber ye-National Union of Architects. yaseUkraine. Ingcali yophando lweSebe lezoBulungisa eUkraine. Umlingane woPhando kuPhando lweAkhademi yaseBritane kwiNkqubo yoMngcipheko kunye noTyelelo lweKholeji yeScholar Trinity, kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge.
Umbhali wee-monographs ezimbini kunye neempapasho zenzululwazi ezingaphezu kwama-70, amanqaku, iithisisi kwinkalo yolwakhiwo kunye nokukhuselwa kwelifa lenkcubeko.
