Isazi ngengqondo uLisa Cosgrove, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseMassachusetts, wachaza ukuba Ngaphezu kwe-5% yabantwana besikolo abancinci bathatha amachiza e-psychotropic yonke imihla. Kwaye nangona oku kuchazwe ngokusekelwe kuphononongo olwenziwayo ukuthetha malunga nokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zonyango e-United States, inokuthi idluliselwe kulo naliphi na ilizwe, apho i-psychiatry kunye ne-pharmaceutical industry ingayekanga ukuvelisa izifo zengqondo ngokusisigxina.
Ngo-1980 eUnited States, kwamiselwa iibhokisi ezizizigidi ezingama-30 zamayeza okuthomalalisa uxinezeleko, ngowama-2012 eli nani liye lafikelela kwizigidi ezingama-264 zemiyalelo kagqirha. Sasiyintoni isizathu solu tshintsho? Kwenzeke ntoni ukusukela ngo-2012 ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje? Mhlawumbi impendulo ilula njengoko iyingozi: ukugula ngengqondo kuye kwaba lishishini elingenisa iibhiliyoni zeerandi kwingeniso.
Kwi-2014, incwadi esele ikhankanywe kum kwiingxelo zangaphambili yapapashwa, kodwa ngoku ifumana ukufaneleka okukhethekileyo kuba izikhalazo ezifanayo zilungiswa ngoku kubavakalisi abahlukeneyo; imalunga ne Ngaba sonke sigula ngengqondo?, evela kunjingalwazi obalaseleyo ophumayo kwisebe leNgqondo kunye neeSayensi zokuziphatha kwiYunivesithi yaseDurham, eNorth Carolina. Kodwa kutheni le ncwadi ibaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba umbhali wayo, u-Allen Frances, wayengumongameli weqela elisebenzayo le-DSM IV kwaye wayeyinxalenye yeqela lolawulo le-DSM III.
Yena ngokwakhe wavuma kwiminyaka kamva ukuba wathatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi wathi Emva kokupapashwa ngoMeyi ka-2013 ye-DSM-V, kukho phantse akukho kuziphatha komntu okungenakuchazwa ngexesha elithile "njengokuphazamiseka kwengqondo" kwaye, ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba "ukusombulula" ngokusebenzisa iziyobisi ezithatha imiphumo emibi emininzi. .
Ngaphantsi kwegama elithi DSM lifihla igama elingafanelekanga Unyango lweDigital diagnostic kunye neNcwadi yeNkcazo yeNgxaki yeNgqondo. Le ncwadana sele ingagunyaziswanga ngoogqirha kunye noogqirha bengqondo abavela kwihlabathi liphela, phakathi kwabo u-Allen Frances okhankanywe ngasentla, othe wathatha inxaxheba ngokubonakalayo kwiincwadana ezininzi, nangona kunjalo kungekudala kwaye kwisitayile. Ubukhosi beentlungu yintatheli yaseMelika uPatrick Radeen Keefe, enye intatheli, uRobert Whitaker ephelekwa yingcali yezengqondo uLisa Cosgrove, uya kubona incwadi yakhe ethi Psychiatry phantsi kwempembelelo, iguqulelwe kwiSpanish kwaye inokwenzeka nakwezinye iilwimi kwisiqingatha sehlabathi, nangona iinzame ezahlukeneyo cwaka ukupapashwa kwayo . Kuyo babalisa ibali indlela iyelenqe elityholwa ngokuba lorhwaphilizo labhala ngayo izigulo zengqondo laze labangela ukuba kusetyenziswe kakhulu amachiza engqondo kwihlabathi liphela. Umntu obhala oku ngasentla nguDaniel Arjona, intatheli yephephandaba i-El Mundo owathi ngoLwesihlanu, ngoSeptemba 1, 2023, wapapasha, phakathi kwezinye izinto, imiba emibini ebalulekileyo.
Eyokuqala, amagama anomdla awathunyelwa nguGqr. Cosgrove kuye nge-imeyile apho wabeka inqaku kwisihloko esingenakuphikiswa: (…) Kwiminyaka edlulileyo ye-35, i-psychiatry iguqule inkcubeko yaseMelika. Itshintshile imbono yethu yobuntwana kunye noko kulindelekileyo kubantwana "abaqhelekileyo", kwinqanaba lokuba ngaphezu kwe-5% yabaselula besikolo ngoku bathatha ichiza le-psychotropic imihla ngemihla. “Itshintshile indlela esiziphatha ngayo njengabantu abadala kwaye, ngakumbi, indlela esizama ngayo ukuhlangabezana noxinezeleko lweemvakalelo nobunzima kubomi bethu.” Yiyo loo nto izigidi zabantu kwihlabathi liphela ziye zawela ezandleni zeziyobisi ze-psychotropic kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwengqondo. Ukungabi nangqiqo okwenyani, imbudane.
Umbuzo wesibini abazama ukuwuphendula uWhitaker noCosgrove kwincwadi yabo, njengoko kubonisiwe kwinqaku lika-Arjona, ngulo ulandelayo: (…) Ithini ithisisi yesi silungiso sisonke? Ukususela ekupapashweni kwe-1980 yenguqulo yesithathu kunye nesigqibo se-DSM (namhlanje zintlanu, zonke ziphantsi kwengxoxo), i-psychiatry iye yanikezela kurhwaphilizo lweziko kwimiba emibini: yeenkampani ezinkulu zamachiza kunye "neempembelelo zemanyano" imelwe nguMbutho weNgqondo waseMelika onamandla ekukhuseleni nasekwandiseni ishishini lawo. Emva kokuthetha oku ngasentla, ndiyakukhuthaza ukuba ufunde amanye amanqaku apapashwe phantsi kwesityikityo sam malunga ne-antidepressants kunye neshishini lekhomishini engekho mthethweni e-China, umzekelo, apho unokufumana khona umbono wobukhulu bentlekele apho uluntu DSM usola? Ngokucacileyo akunjalo. Ityala likwinkqubo evumela iinkampani ezinkulu ezixuba amayeza ukuba zibhengeze ngokulula iipilisi “zolonwabo” zazo zonke iintlobo zeengxaki. Into efana naleyo yenzeka ngelo xesha nge-ADHD (I-Attention Deficit Hypersensitivity Disorder). Ngeminyaka yee-1990 (1990), esi “sifo” asizange sifumane ikona encinane kwingeniso yeshishini elikhulu lamayeza, ingeniso eyenziwe sesi sifo ayizange ifikelele kwizigidi ezingama-70 zeerandi, kodwa kwiminyaka ethile kamva, xa kwapapashwa iDSM IV. , kwabonwa ushishino olunokwenzeka. Oogqirha bengqondo baye bavula umnyango ngeengcinga zabo zokuxilonga kunye namalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza aye adalwa, eqala ukuvelisa iphulo elikhulu lentengiso elijoliswe kwizigulane (uluntu ngokubanzi) kunye noogqirha. Wonke umntu wabona isibhakabhaka sivulekile xa samkelwa ukuba ngepilisi, abantwana "abangasebenziyo" bayayeka ukukhala, kwaye ootitshala kunye neentsapho ekugqibeleni baya kuba nexesha lokuphumla. Inkampani "ithengile" yatsho inzuzo kunye nesilogeni "Dibana nogqirha wakho", Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, imarike iye yaphindaphindeka kathathu, kwaye iyanda, njengoko uluntu ngokubanzi luye lwavuma ukuba kwamkelekile ukunyanga abantwana beselula. Yamkelwa into yokuba abafundi abaninzi baseyunivesithi bathetha ngempilo yengqondo baze bathathe amayeza kwaye kwakhona, ngootitshala, ngoomama/ootata noogqirha, ukuba igumbi lokufundela elizolileyo liyingenelo kwimpilo engokweemvakalelo yabantwana.
Kwamanye amazwe, ukusetyenziswa kolu hlobo lweemveliso, i-antidepressants, i-anxiolytics, yenza, ngokunyuka ngamandla, uluntu olugulayo, apho ukufikelela khona kwezi. iziyobisi Ilula kakhulu kunokuba ibonakala ngathi. Yiyo loo nto, ngee-nuances, uluhlu lwamazwe anokusetyenziswa kakhulu kolu hlobo lweemveliso zenziwa ngamaxesha athile, phakathi apho sinokuqaqambisa, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokunika iipesenti, ezi 10 zilandelayo: iUnited States, iIceland, iOstreliya, iPortugal, iUnited Kingdom. EUnited Kingdom, eKhanada, eSweden, eBelgium, eDenmark naseSpain. Njengenyani ekufuneka uyithathele ingqalelo, ngenxa yokuba kufutshane, phawula ukuba eSpain, kulwazi lwango-2022, isihloko sifundeka ngolu hlobo: Idatha emva kweshumi leminyaka "yenkcubeko yeyeza" eSpain: ukusetyenziswa kwe-antidepressants kukhule nge-40%. Ukunika imiba emibini njengezitshixo kolu lwando: Ukuphuculwa kwamachiza amaninzi kujoyina izicwangciso zoshishino kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo njengesixhobo sokugqiba ngokukhawuleza ukubonisana.
Ngaba i-prescription ye-antidepressants okanye i-anxiolytics ibe yinto engafanelekanga yokukhupha izigulane ekuboniseni unyango? Ndicinga ukuba kuya kufuneka sikhangele impendulo yale nto kwixesha elizayo, nangona ndisoyika oko siza kukufumana.
Mhlawumbi, njengomboniso wophando lwexesha elizayo, ndiza kubambelela kwenye yeempendulo u-Allen Frances azinikeyo kolunye lodliwanondlebe lwakhe oluninzi kumbuzo:
-Ngaba ukwanda kwenani lezityholo "zezigulo zengqondo" ngoko akubangelwa zizifo zengqondo zombini kunye neshishini lamachiza?
-Ngokuqinisekileyo. Jonga, amayeza ezizwe ngezizwe, ngakumbi lawo abekwe phantsi kwebinzana elithi Big Pharma, sele eyingozi; kwaye kungekhona kuphela kwintsimi ye-Psychiatry. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States, ngoku baninzi abantu abafayo nyaka ngamnye ngenxa yokusebenzisa kakubi iziyobisi kunabo bafa kwiingozi zendlela. Uninzi lubangelwa ngamayeza kagqirha, hayi iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni. Kambe ke, amashishini axube amazwe ngamazwe angoochwephesha bokuqulunqa izifo zokuthengisa amayeza; Enyanisweni, batyala iibhiliyoni zeedola ekusasazeni imiyalezo elahlekisayo.
Njengoko ndagqiba ukubhala impendulo ka-Allen, i-dystopia yafika engqondweni apho ndandicinga ukuba iinqwelo zeziyobisi zithengisa imveliso yazo kumajelo alo naluphi na uhlobo, ngaphandle kokulawula kunye nokuvunywa kwamalungu amaninzi oluntu lwe-dystopian, amagunya, abeendaba, ootitshala, ootata, oomama, njl.njl, abafumene inzuzo, nokuba yeemvakalelo okanye ingeniso, ngokusetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwemveliso ethethiweyo.
Imithombo yolwazi:
Umzobo: Ngawaphi amazwe asebenzisa awona machiza athomalalisayo? | Statista
Idatha yonyango: ukusetyenziswa kwe-antidepressants kukhula nge-40% (rtve.es)
I-DSALUD (iphephancwadi) no. 177, Disemba 2014
El Mundo Newspaper. NgoLwesihlanu, nge-1 kaSeptemba 2023
Incwadi: Ngaba sonke sigula ngengqondo? Umbhali: Allen Frances. UHlelo luka-Ariel-2014
Yapapashwa ekuqaleni LaDamadeElche.com
