INkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu inqume ukungasamukeli isicelo sombono wezeluleko esifakwe yiKomiti YaseYurophu Yezimiso Zezimiso Zokuziphatha (DH-BIO) ngaphansi kweSigaba 29 soMthethosisekelo. I-Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (“Ingqungquthela yase-Oviedo”). I isinqumo okokugcina. I-DH-BIO yacela iNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu ukuba inikeze umbono wezeluleko emibuzweni emibili ephathelene nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu nesithunzi sabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo lapho bebhekene nokubekwa kanye/noma ukwelashwa okungahleliwe. INkantolo yasichitha lesi sicelo ngoba, nakuba yaqinisekisa, ngokuvamile, amandla ayo okunikeza imibono yokweluleka ngaphansi kweSigaba 29 se-Oviedo Convention, imibuzo eyaphakanyiswa yayingangeni emandleni eNkantolo.
Bekungokokuqala ukuthi iNkantolo YaseYurophu ithole isicelo sombono wokweluleka ngaphansi kweSigaba 29 se-Oviedo Convention. Izicelo ezinjalo akufanele zididaniswe nezicelo zombono wezeluleko ngaphansi kweProtocol No. 16, evumela izinkantolo eziphakeme nezinkantolo, njengoba kucaciswe Amazwe angamalungu azivumile, ukuba zicele imibono yokweluleka ngemibuzo yomgomo ehlobene nokuhunyushwa noma ukusetshenziswa. yamalungelo nenkululeko echazwe kuyi-European Convention on Human Rights noma iProtocols yayo.
Background
Isicelo sombono wezeluleko sethulwe mhla zi-3 kuZibandlela wezi-2019.
Imibuzo ebuzwe yiKomidi le-Bioethics yayihloselwe ukuthola ukucaciseleka ezicini ezithile zencazelo engokomthetho ye-Article 7 ye-Oviedo Convention, ngenhloso yokunikeza isiqondiso umsebenzi wayo wamanje nowesikhathi esizayo kule ndawo. Imibuzo yayimi kanje:
(1) Ngokucabangela injongo yoMhlangano we-Oviedo “wokuqinisekisa wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kokucwasa, ukuhlonipha ubuqotho bawo” (I-athikili 1 ye-Oviedo Convention), yiziphi “izimo zokuvikela” okukhulunywe ngazo ku-Article 7 ye-Oviedo Convention iZwe eliyiLungu okudingeka lizilawule ukuze lihlangabezane nezimfuneko zokuvikela?
(2) Uma kwenzeka ukwelashwa kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo kufanele kunikezwe ngaphandle kwemvume yomuntu othintekayo futhi ngenjongo yokuvikela abanye ekulimaleni okungathi sína (okungavinjelwanga Isigaba sesi-7 kodwa esingena ngaphansi kwezimali ezikhishwe Isigaba 26 (1) ye-Oviedo Convention), ingabe kufanele kube nezimo zokuvikela ezifanayo njengalezo okukhulunywe ngazo embuzweni woku-1?
Ngo-June 2020 Izivumelwano Ezibambele Ingxenye Yesivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu (“i-European Convention”) zamenywa ukuba ziphendule umbuzo weNkantolo, zinikeze ukuphawula kwazo ngesicelo se-DH-BIO, futhi zinikeze imininingwane ephathelene nokufaneleka. umthetho wasekhaya kanye nokwenza. Lezi zinhlangano zomphakathi ezilandelayo zinikezwe imvume yokungenelela ekuqulweni kwamacala: Ukusebenza; the I-International Disability Alliance, lo I-European Disability Forum, Ukufakwa eYurophu, I-Autism yaseYurophu futhi I-Mental Health Europe (ngokuhlangene); kanye ne Isikhungo Samalungelo Abantu Abasebenzisi kanye Nabasinde Bezifo Zengqondo.
Isicelo sokuhunyushwa sahlolwa uMkhandlu Omkhulu.
Isinqumo Senkantolo
INkantolo yomibili yabona ukuthi inegunya lokunikeza imibono yokweluleka ngaphansi kwe-Article 29 ye-Oviedo Convention, futhi yanquma uhlobo, ububanzi nemikhawulo yaleyo ndawo. I-Article 29 ye-Oviedo Convention ihlinzeka ngokuthi iNkantolo inganikeza imibono yokweluleka “ngemibuzo yezomthetho” ephathelene “nokuhunyushwa” “kweNgqungquthela yamanje”. Lawo magama angalandelelwa ngokucacile kusukela ngo-1995 lapho iNkantolo isekela umbono wokuthatha umsebenzi wokuhumusha, ithathela emagameni alokho manje osekuyi-Article 47 § 1 ye-European Convention. Njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwesichasiso “somthetho” kuleso sihloko kufanekisela inhloso yokukhipha noma yimaphi amandla ohlangothini lweNkantolo mayelana nezindaba zenqubomgomo kanye nanoma yimiphi imibuzo eye yadlulela ngalé kokuhumusha umbhalo, isicelo ngaphansi kweSigaba 29 kufanele sibe ngaphansi kwesimo esifanayo. umkhawulo kanye nanoma yimiphi imibuzo ebuzwayo kufanele ibe “ngokomthetho”.
Le nqubo ihlanganisa umsebenzi wokuhumusha isivumelwano, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezibekwe ku-Athikili 31-33 ye-Vienna Convention. Ngenkathi iNkantolo ithatha iSivumelwano njengethuluzi eliphilayo ukuze lihunyushwe ngokwezimo zanamuhla, lacabangela ukuthi asikho isisekelo esifanayo ku-Article 29 sokuthatha indlela efanayo eMhlanganweni Wase-Oviedo. Uma kuqhathaniswa neNgqungquthela YaseYurophu, I-Oviedo Convention yamodelwa njengethuluzi/isivumelwano sohlaka esibeka amalungelo abantu abaluleke kakhulu kanye nezimiso endaweni ye-biomedicine, ezothuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo mayelana nezinkambu ezithile ngokusebenzisa izivumelwano.
Ikakhulukazi, nakuba izinhlinzeko ezifanele zeNgqungquthela zingakuhoxisi ukunikezwa komsebenzi wezobulungiswa eNkantolo maqondana nezinye izivumelwano zamalungelo abantu ezaphethwa ngaphakathi kohlaka loMkhandlu WaseYurophu, lokhu kwakungaphansi kwesimiso sokuthi amandla ayo ngaphansi kwaso. ithuluzi layo eliyisisekelo lahlala lingathintekile. Ayikwazanga ukusebenzisa inqubo ehlinzekwe ku-Article 29 ye-Oviedo Convention ngendlela engahambelani nenjongo ye-Article 47 § 2 yeSivumelwano, okwakuwukugcina umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko wezobulungiswa njengenkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe ephethe ubulungiswa ngaphansi Kwesivumelwano.
Ekuqaphelweni okutholwe koHulumeni, abanye bacabange ukuthi iNkantolo yayingenalo ikhono lokuphendula imibuzo, ngenxa ye-Article 47 § 2 ye-European Convention. Abanye banikeza ukusikisela okuhlukahlukene kokuthi iziphi “izimo zokuvikela” okufanele zilawulwe izifundazwe eziyingxenye yeSivumelwano Sase-Oviedo. Iningi labo libonise ukuthi umthetho wabo wasekhaya uhlinzekela ukungenelela okungahleliwe maqondana nabantu abanenkinga yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo lapho lokhu kudingekile ukuvikela abanye ekulimaleni okukhulu. Ngokujwayelekile, ukungenelela okunjalo bekubuswa yizinhlinzeko ezifanayo, futhi bekungaphansi kwezimo zokuvikela ezifanayo njengokungenelela okuhloswe ukuvikela abantu abathintekayo ekuzibangeleni ukulimala. Ukuzama ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezisekelo ezimbili zokungenelela ngokuzenzakalelayo kwakunzima kakhulu, ngoba ama-pathologies amaningi abeka ingozi kumuntu othintekayo kanye nakubantu besithathu ngokufanayo.
Ingqikithi evamile yeminikelo emithathu eyamukelwe ezinhlanganweni ezingenelelayo yayiwukuthi Izihloko 7 no-26 ze-Oviedo Convention azihambisani Isivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile (CRPD). Umbono wokuphoqelela ukwelashwa ngaphandle kwemvume wawuphambene ne-CRPD. Umkhuba onjalo wawuphambene nezimiso zesithunzi, ukungabandlululi kanye nenkululeko nokuvikeleka komuntu, futhi wephula uchungechunge lwezinhlinzeko ze-CRPD, ikakhulukazi Isigaba 14 salelo thuluzi. Wonke Amaqembu Omhlangano Wesivumelwano Se-Oviedo ayeseyivumile i-CRPD, njengoba kwenza wonke ngaphandle kweyodwa yamazwe angama-47 Asezinkontileka ku-European Convention. INkantolo kufanele ilwele ukuhumusha okuvumelanayo phakathi kwezinhlinzeko ezihambisanayo ze-European Convention, i-Oviedo Convention kanye ne-CRPD.
Nokho, ngokombono weNkantolo, “izimo zokuvikela” lezo Amazwe angamalungu “okwakudingeka azilawule ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo ezincane zokuvikela” ngaphansi kwe-Article 7 yeSivumelwano se-Oviedo azikwazanga ukucaciswa ngokuchazwa kwezomthetho. Kwaba sobala ukuthi leli lungiselelo libonisa ukukhetha kwangamabomu ukushiya idigri ye-latitude kuma-States Parties ukuze kunqunywe, ngemininingwane egcwele, izimo zokuvikela ezisebenza emthethweni wabo wasekhaya kulo mongo. Mayelana nesiphakamiso sokuthi isebenzise izimiso zeNgqungquthela efanele, iNkantolo iphinde yagcizelela ukuthi amandla ayo okweluleka ngaphansi kwe-Oviedo Convention kwakufanele asebenze ngokuvumelana futhi alondoloze amandla ayo ngaphansi kwe-European Convention, ngaphezu kwakho konke nomsebenzi wayo oyinhloko wokwahlulela njengenkantolo yamazwe ngamazwe elawulayo. ubulungisa. Ngakho-ke akufanele ihumushe kulo mongo noma yiziphi izinhlinzeko ezibalulekile noma izimiso zomthetho zeNgqungquthela. Ngisho noma imibono yeNkantolo ngaphansi kweSigaba 29 yayiyiseluleko futhi ngenxa yalokho ingabophi, impendulo isazoqhubeka nokuba negunya futhi igxile okungenani kuNgqungquthela YaseYurophu ngokwayo njengaku-Oviedo Convention futhi ibeke engcupheni yokuphazamisa amandla ayo okubusa aphambili.
Noma kunjalo, iNkantolo yaveza ukuthi, naphezu kobuntu obuhlukile beSivumelwano sase-Oviedo, izimfuneko zeMibuso ngaphansi kweSigaba 7 sazo zihambisana ngokoqobo nalezo ezingaphansi kweNgqungquthela YaseYurophu, njengamanje, zonke Izifundazwe esezigunyaze eyokuqala nazo. eboshwe ngowakamuva. Ngokunjalo, izivikelo emthethweni wasekhaya ezihambisana “nezimo zokuvikela” ze-Article 7 ye-Oviedo Convention zidinga ukwanelisa izimfuneko zezinhlinzeko ezifanele ze-European Convention, njengoba zithuthukiswe yiNkantolo ngomthetho wayo obanzi maqondana ukwelashwa kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lowo mthetho wecala ubonakala ngendlela yeNkantolo eguquguqukayo yokutolika iSivumelwano, eholwa futhi ngokuthuthuka kwamazinga ezomthetho kanye nezokwelapha kazwelonke nakwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, iziphathimandla zasekhaya ezifanele kufanele ziqinisekise ukuthi umthetho kazwelonke uhambisana ngokugcwele nezindinganiso ezifanele ezingaphansi kwe-European Convention, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezibeka izibopho ezinhle Ezizweni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthokozelwa ngempumelelo kwamalungelo ayisisekelo.
Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ukusungulwa kwezimfuneko eziyisisekelo “zokulawula” ngaphansi kwe-Article 7 ye-Oviedo Convention, noma “ukuzuza ukucaciseleka” mayelana nezimfuneko ezisekelwe ezahlulelweni nezinqumo zeNkantolo eziphathelene nokungenelela okungahleliwe ngokuphathelene nabantu abaphazamisekile engqondweni. kube isihloko sombono wezeluleko ocelwe ngaphansi kweSigaba 29 salelo thuluzi. Ngakho-ke umbuzo woku-1 wawungekho emandleni enkantolo. Mayelana nombuzo wesi-2, owalandela kowokuqala futhi ohlobene kakhulu nawo, iNkantolo nayo ibone ukuthi akukho emandleni ayo ukuwuphendula.
