Umholi wezempi wasendulo odumile washona eneminyaka engu-58 ngobusuku bomshado wakhe, ngemva kokushada nomkakhe omusha.
Umholi wesizwe sasendulo samaHuns, u-Attila, wethusa izakhamuzi zoMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga ngekhulu lesi-5 AD. AbakwaHun babelokhu behlasela indawo yazo zombili izifunda zasendulo futhi bacekela phansi izindawo zabo zokuhlala. Kodwa ososayensi basaphikisana ngokuthi u-Attila wafa ngokwemvelo noma wabulawa umkakhe omusha, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu: liphi ithuna lakhe? Ososayensi abaningana bazwakalise ukucabanga kwabo esihlokweni seLive Science.
Ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Attila, abakwaHuns bafinyelela inani eliphakeme kakhulu. Bakwazi ukubusa izizwe eziningi ezihlukahlukene futhi, ngenxa yalokho, bakha inhlangano yesifunda eyasuka eMfuleni iRhine ngasentshonalanga kuya eMfuleni iVolga empumalanga. U-Attila wayewusongo oluqhubekayo ezinhloko-dolobha zemibuso emibili - iRoma neConstantinople, kodwa akazange achithe noma yiliphi kulawa madolobha. AmaRoma abiza u-Attila Flagellum Dei noma "isishayo sikaNkulunkulu". Waphoqa ababusi boMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalanga NaseMpumalanga ukuba bamkhokhele intela enkulu ukuze kube nokuthula, okwakungahlali isikhathi eside.
Ngaphansi kobuholi buka-Attila, abakwaHuns bafinyelela inani eliphakeme kakhulu. Bakwazi ukunqoba izizwe eziningi ezihlukahlukene futhi, ngenxa yalokho, bakha isimo sombuso esasulwa kusukela emfuleni iRhine eNtshonalanga kuya eMfuleni iVolga eMpumalanga.
Ngokusho kwemithombo yomlando, u-Attila wazalwa ngo-395 futhi wabusa phezu kwamaHuns kusukela ku-434 kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe ngo-453. Kuyaziwa ukuthi wafa ngobusuku bakhe bomshado, ngemva kokushada nomkakhe omusha ogama lakhe lingu-Ildiko. Kodwa ososayensi abaqiniseki ngokuphelele ukuthi kwakuwukufa okungokwemvelo noma ukuthi umholi wamaHuns wabulawa umkakhe “othandekayo”.
Kunoma yikuphi, u-Attila ushone eneminyaka engu-58, kodwa ithuna lakhe, noma ithuna nje, alikaze litholakale. Futhi ososayensi basaqagela ukuthi kungaba kuphi. Ngempela, kuningi okulondolozwe imininingwane yomlando mayelana nemikhankaso yezempi kunendawo angcwatshwe kuyo.
“Okuwukuphela komthombo obhaliwe osekhona okhuluma ngomngcwabo ka-Attila yincwadi yesazi-mlando esingumGoth uJordanes, owayephila ekhulwini lesi-6 AD. Lo msebenzi womlando ubizwa ngokuthi “Emsuka nezenzo zeGetae” noma “iGetica” nje. Kule ncwadi, uJordanes wabhala ukuthi u-Attila wangcwatshwa ebhokisini eliphindwe kathathu.Owokuqala, lapho isidumbu sasilele khona, senziwa ngegolide, okwesibili senziwa ngesiliva, kanti ibhokisi elingaphandle lenziwe ngensimbi.Ngokusho kukaJordanes, iyigugu. izinsimbi zaziwuphawu lomcebo umholi wawo awutholela amaHun, futhi insimbi yayifanekisela amandla ezempi alesi sizwe sasendulo,” kusho uZsofia Masek waseHungary Academy of Sciences.
Ngokwemibhalo eyashiywa yiJordani, bonke abantu abakha ithuna lika-Attila babulawa. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthi kungaziwa muntu ngendawo angcwatshwa kuyo. Ngokwencwadi yesazi-mlando samaGothic, u-Attila wangcwatshwa kanye nobucwebe obuhlukahlukene nobucwebe, kanye nezikhali.
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi indawo eqondile yethuna lomholi wamaHuns kunzima kakhulu ukuyithola. Futhi ngisho noma lokhu kwenzeka, futhi leli thuna litholakala, asikho isiqiniseko sokuthi alizange liphangwe futhi libhujiswe isikhathi eside.
"Ngicabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi wangcwatshwa ndawana thize endaweni yeGreat Hungarian Lowland (lelithafa lithatha cishe ingxenye yendawo yeHungary yanamuhla futhi libizwa nangokuthi i-Alfeld - ed.). Endaweni ethile lapha, u-Attila, ngokwesimanjemanje, wayenendlunkulu yakhe. Futhi mhlawumbe ithuna lomholi wamaHuns liseduze nale ndawo, ngibona sengathi sidinga ukubheka le ndawo eduze nomfula. Mhlawumbe lelithuna lasinda, ngaphandle kwalapho laphangwa emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, “kusho uLaszlo Vespremi waseNyuvesi YamaKatolika . UPazmani Peter eBudapest, eHungary.
Ngokusho kososayensi, abantu abaningi bebezama ukuthola indawo yokungcwaba yase-Attila kusukela ngekhulu le-13. Kodwa le ndawo yaseshwa ikakhulukazi eduze kwamanxiwa emizi yamaRoma asendulo. Kodwa akekho owake wathola lutho.
U-Žofia Masek uphinde asekele umbono wokuthi ithuna lika-Attila kufanele libhekwe eThafeni Elikhulu laseHungary. Kodwa mhlawumbe lelithuna lisendaweni yaseSerbia yesimanje noma eRomania, lapho futhi kunezingxenye zaleli zwe eliphansi, usosayensi ukholelwa ukuthi.
“Kungenzeka ukuthi selitholakele ithuna lika-Attila. Ukuthi nje lokhu kungcwatshwa bekungahlangene nomholi wamaHuns nangayiphi indlela. kwatholakala izidumbu zabantu futhi akukacaci ukuthi lezi zinto bezihloselwe obani,” kusho uValeria Kulchar wase-University of Szeged, eHungary.
Ngokusho kukaMasek, kungenzeka ukuthi ithuna lika-Attila alisoze latholakala, futhi lokhu kuzohlala kuyimfihlakalo kuze kube phakade.
Isithombe: Isayensi Ebukhoma | Umholi wezempi wasendulo odumile washona eneminyaka engu-58 ngobusuku bomshado wakhe, ngemva kokushada nomkakhe omusha.
