Inkululeko engokwenkolo iyilungelo lomuntu eliyisisekelo, futhi nakuba i-European Union (EU) yaziwa ngemizamo yayo yokuthuthukisa le nkululeko emazweni omhlaba, amanye amazwe angamalungu ayo asabhekene nezinqubo zobandlululo ezithinta amaqembu ezinkolo ezincane. U-Mollie Blum, umcwaningi we-US Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF), udingida lolu daba olucindezelayo, esikhanyisela ngemithetho nezinqubo ezivimbelayo e-EU ezithiya amalungelo abantu abancane benkolo futhi zibe nengxenye ekubandlululweni komphakathi.
Lapha ngizohlola ezinye izibonelo eziphawulekayo zalezi zinqubomgomo, ezihlanganisa imikhawulo yezingubo zenkolo, ukuhlatshwa okungokwesiko, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi "olumelene namahlelo" i-USCIRF ekhathazeke ngayo. Umbiko we-Blum udingida imithetho yokuhlambalaza nenkulumo enenzondo, kuyilapho uthinta nezinqubomgomo ezithinta ngokungafanele imiphakathi yamaSulumane neyamaJuda. Ukuze sisiqonde kangcono isimo, ake sihlole lezi zinkinga ngokuningiliziwe. (ISIXHUMANISO SOMBIKO OGCWELE NGEZANSI).
Izivimbelo Zezingubo Zenkolo
I-USCIRF ithole izehlakalo nezinqubomgomo eziqondiswe kwabesifazane abangamaSulumane emazweni ahlukahlukene angamalungu e-EU, imikhawulo yokumboza amakhanda enkolo, njenge-hijab yamaSulumane, i-yarmulke yamaJuda, kanye Isigqoko seSikh, eqhubekayo nanamuhla ku-2023. Imithethonqubo enjalo, njengoba kuvezwe umbiko, inomthelela ongenakulinganiswa kwabesifazane abangamaSulumane, iqhubekisela phambili umbono wokuthi ukugqoka i-headscarf kuphambene nezindinganiso zaseYurophu kanye nokukhuthaza ukufana komphakathi.
Izenzakalo zamuva eFrance, eNetherlands, naseBelgium ziqokomisa ukulinganiselwa okwandayo kwezingubo zenkolo, ugxeka lo mbiko. Ngokwesibonelo, iFrance yazama ukwandisa ukuvinjelwa kweziduku zenkolo ezindaweni zomphakathi, kuyilapho iNetherlands neBelgium nazo zabeka imingcele ekumbozeni ubuso. Lezi zinyathelo zifaka isandla emuzweni wokuhlukaniswa kanye nokucwaswa phakathi kwezinkolo ezincane, okuthinta ukuphila kwazo kwansuku zonke.
Imikhawulo Yokuhlatshwa Kwesiko
Ngokombiko, izishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane kanye nosopolitiki emazweni amaningana e-EU bakhuthaza imingcele engokwesiko noma ukuhlatshwa kwezenkolo, ethinta ngokuqondile imiphakathi yamaJuda neyamaSulumane. Le mingcele ivimbela imikhuba yenkolo yokudla futhi iphoqelela abantu ukuba balahle izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ezigxilile. Isibonelo, izifunda zase-Belgium e-Flanders nase-Wallonia zikunqabele ngokusemthethweni ukubulala okwenziwa ngaphandle kokumangaza, kuyilapho inkantolo ephakeme yaseGreece ikhiphe isinqumo esimelene nokuvumela ukuhlatshwa kwesiko ngaphandle kokubulala izinzwa. IFinland yabona intuthuko enhle evuna imikhuba yokubulala, iqaphela ukubaluleka kokuvikela inkululeko engokwenkolo.
Imikhawulo “Emelene Nehlelo”
UBloom ukhombisa embikweni wakhe we-USCIRF lapho ohulumeni abathile be-EU basakaza ulwazi oluyingozi mayelana namaqembu athile enkolo, bewabiza ngokuthi “amahlelo” noma “amahlelo.” Ukubandakanyeka kukahulumeni waseFrance kakade izinhlangano ezingagunyaziwe njenge-FECRIS, ngesikhungo sikahulumeni I-MIVIDES (abanye abangathi “u-Sugar Daddy” we-FECRIS) ubangele ukusabela kwabezindaba okuthinta kabi abantu abahlobene nezinhlangano zenkolo. Izikhathi eziningi, amalungelo alezi zinkolo aqashelwa ngokugcwele yi-United States ngisho namazwe amaningi aseYurophu, ngisho neNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu.
EFrance, imithetho yakamuva inikeze iziphathimandla amandla okusebenzisa amasu akhethekile ukuze ziphenye lokho ezikubiza ngokuthi “amahlelo” futhi zijezise labo ababhekwa njengabanecala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izifunda eJalimane (okungukuthi eBavaria) idinga abantu ngabanye ukuthi basayine izitatimende eziphika ukuhlanganyela neBandla le Scientology (zingaphezu kuka-250 izinkontileka zikahulumeni ezikhishwe ngo-2023 nalesi sigatshana sobandlululo), okuholele emkhankasweni wokunyundela Scientologists, eziqhubeka kufanele zivikele amalungelo azo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuwo wonke amazwe aseYurophu noma emhlabeni wonke, iJalimane icela abantu ukuthi basho ukuthi ngabe benkolo ethile noma cha (kulokhu kuphela Scientology).
Imithetho Yokuhlambalaza
Ukusekela Inkululeko Yokukhuluma Imithetho yokuhlambalaza emazweni amaningana aseYurophu isaqhubeka iyindaba ekhathazayo. Ngenkathi amanye amazwe eyisusile imithetho enjalo, ishicilela i Umbiko we-USCIRF, abanye baye baqinisa amalungiselelo okumelana nokuhlambalaza. Imizamo yakamuva yasePoland yokwandisa umthetho wayo wokuhlambalaza kanye nokuphoqelelwa kwamacala okuhlambalaza e-Italy iyizibonelo zalokhu. Imithetho enjalo iyangqubuzana nesimiso senkululeko yokukhuluma futhi idale umphumela odabukisayo kubantu abazwakalisa izinkolelo zenkolo, ikakhulukazi uma kuthathwa ngokuthi ziyimpikiswano noma zicasula.
Imithetho Yenkulumo Enenzondo
Ukulinganisela Nakuba ukulwa nenkulumo enenzondo kubalulekile, umthetho wenkulumo enenzondo ungaba obanzi futhi wephule amalungelo enkululeko yenkolo noma yenkolelo nenkululeko yokukhuluma. Amazwe amaningi angamalungu e-EU anemithetho ejezisa inkulumo enenzondo, ngokuvamile eyenza inkulumo ibe ubugebengu engabubhebhezeli ubudlova.
Ukukhathazeka kuba khona lapho abantu kuhloswe ukuba babelane ngokuthula ngezinkolelo zenkolo, njengoba kwafakazelwa ecaleni leLungu Lephalamende laseFinland kanye noMbhishobhi Wesonto LamaLuthela ababhekene namacala enkulumo enenzondo ngokuveza izinkolelo zenkolo mayelana nezindaba ze-LGBTQ+.
Eminye Imithetho Nezinqubomgomo
AmaSulumane anomthelela namaJuda Amazwe e-EU enze izinqubomgomo ezahlukahlukene zokulwa nobushokobezi kanye nokweqisa, okuholela emiphumeleni ebingahlosiwe kwabancane bezenkolo. Isibonelo, umthetho wase-France wokuhlukanisa uhlose ukuphoqelela “izindinganiso zesi-French,” kodwa ukunikezwa kwawo kuhlanganisa imisebenzi engahlangene nobuphekula. Umthetho waseDenmark “wemiphakathi ehambisanayo” uthinta imiphakathi yamaSulumane, kuyilapho imizamo yokulawula izinqubomgomo zokusoka kanye nokuhlanekezelwa Kwesizwe kuthinta imiphakathi yamaJuda emazweni aseScandinavia nasePoland, ngokulandelana.
Imizamo yokulwa nokucwaswa ngokwenkolo: I-EU isithathile izinyathelo zokulwa i-antisemitism kanye nenzondo ephikisana namaSulumane, ukuqoka abaxhumanisi kanye nokukhuthaza ukwamukelwa kwencazelo ye-IHRA ye-antisemitism. Nokho, lezi zinhlobo zenzondo ziyaqhubeka nokwanda, futhi i-EU kufanele ithuthukise izindlela zokubhekana nezinye izinhlobo zokucwasa ngokwenkolo ezikhona kulo lonke elaseYurophu.
Isiphetho
Nakuba amazwe angamalungu e-EU ngokuvamile anezivikelo zomthethosisekelo zenkululeko yenkolo noma yenkolelo, ezinye izinqubomgomo ezivimbelayo ziyaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela emaqenjini amancane enkolo futhi zikhuthaza ukucwasa. Ukukhuthaza inkululeko yezenkolo ngenkathi kubhekwana nokunye okukhathazayo kubalulekile ekwakheni umphakathi obandakanya wonke umuntu. Imizamo ye-EU yokulwa nokucwasa kanye nenzondo emelene namaSulumane iyatuseka kodwa kufanele inwetshwe ukuze kubhekwane nezinye izinhlobo zokucwasa ngokwenkolo ezidlangile kuso sonke isifunda. Ngokusekela inkululeko engokwenkolo, i-EU ingakhuthaza umphakathi ohlanganisa ngempela futhi ohlukahlukene lapho bonke abantu bengasebenzisa ukholo lwabo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucwaswa noma ukushushiswa.
