Ibhalwe nguTeodor Detchev
Ingxenye edlule yalokhu kuhlaziya, enesihloko esithi “Sahel – Conflicts, Coups and Migration Bombs”, ikhulume ngodaba lokunyuka kwezenzo zamaphekula eNtshonalanga Afrika kanye nokungakwazi ukuqeda impi yobushokobezi eqalwa ama-Islamic radicals ngokumelene namasosha kahulumeni eMali, eBurkina. I-Faso, i-Niger, i-Chad ne-Nigeria. Kwabuye kwaxoxwa ngodaba lwempi yombango eqhubekayo eCentral African Republic.
Esinye seziphetho ezibalulekile ukuthi ukushuba kwengxabano kugcwele ingozi enkulu "yebhomu lokufuduka" elingaholela ekucindezelekeni okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili kuwo wonke umngcele oseningizimu we-European Union. Isimo esibalulekile futhi amathuba enqubomgomo yezangaphandle yaseRussia ukuze ilawule ukushuba kwezingxabano emazweni afana neMali, Burkina Faso, Chad kanye neCentral African Republic. [39] Ngesandla sayo “ekhawuntani” yokuqhuma okungase kube khona ukufuduka, iMoscow ingalingeka kalula ukuthi isebenzise ingcindezi yokufuduka ngokumelene nezifunda ze-EU ngokuvamile esezivele ziqokwe njengezinobutha.
Kulesi simo esiyingozi, indima ekhethekile idlalwe abantu baseFulani - iqembu lohlanga lwama-semi-nomads, abalimi bemfuyo abafudukayo abahlala emgqeni osuka eGulf of Guinea ukuya oLwandle Olubomvu kanye nenombolo ye-30 kubantu abayizigidi ezingu-35 ngokusho kwedatha ehlukahlukene. . Njengoba bengabantu ngokomlando ababambe iqhaza elibaluleke kakhulu ekungeneni kwe-Islam e-Afrika, ikakhulukazi eNtshonalanga Afrika, amaFulani ayisilingo esikhulu sama-radicals amaSulumane, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi azibiza ngeSufi school of Islam, okungangabazeki ukuthi isikole esikhulu kunazo zonke. ukubekezelela, njengoba futhi okungaqondakali kakhulu.
Ngeshwa, njengoba kuzobonakala ekuhlaziyweni okungezansi, udaba alukona nje ukuphikiswa ngokwenkolo. Ukungqubuzana akuyona nje inkolo yenkolo kuphela. Kuyinhlalo-ethno-inkolo, futhi eminyakeni yamuva, imiphumela yengcebo eqoqwe ngenkohlakalo, eguqulelwe ekubeni ubunikazi bemfuyo - lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-neo-pastoralism - isiqalile ukuba nethonya elinamandla elengeziwe. Lesi sigameko siyisici ikakhulukazi saseNigeria futhi kuzoba isihloko sengxenye yesithathu yalokhu kuhlaziywa.
I-Fulani kanye ne-Jihadism e-Central Mali: Phakathi Koshintsho, Ukuvukela Komphakathi kanye Nokweqisa
Ngenkathi i-Operation Serval iphumelela ngo-2013 ukuphindisela emuva ama-jihadists ayethathe inyakatho yeMali, kanti u-Operation Barhan wabavimbela ukuthi babuyele emgqeni ophambili, wabaphoqa ukuba bacashe, ukuhlasela akugcini nje kuphela, kodwa kwasakazekela engxenyeni emaphakathi yezwe. I-Mali (endaweni ejikeni lomfula iNiger, eyaziwa nangokuthi iMassina). Ngokuvamile, ukuhlasela kwamaphekula kwanda ngemva kuka-2015.
Ama-Jihadists awanawo amandla okulawula isifunda njengoba ayesenyakatho yeMali ngo-2012 futhi aphoqeleka ukuthi acashe. Abanawo “ama-monopoly on violence” njengoba amasosha edalelwe ukulwa nawo, kwesinye isikhathi ngokusekelwa yiziphathimandla. Nokho, ukuhlasela okuhlosiwe nokubulawa kwabantu kuyanda, futhi ukungavikeleki sekufinyelele izinga kangangokuthi lesi sifunda asisalawulwa uhulumeni wangempela. Izisebenzi zikahulumeni eziningi sezishiye izikhundla zazo, izikole eziningi zivaliwe, nokhetho lukamongameli lwakamuva alukwazanga ukwenziwa komasipala abaningi.
Ngokwezinga elithile, lesi simo siwumphumela "wokutheleleka" okuvela eNyakatho. Bexoshwa emadolobheni asenyakatho, abawabambe ngaphansi kokulawula izinyanga ezimbalwa ngemuva kokwehluleka ukudala umbuso ozimele, baphoqeleka ukuthi "baziphathe ngobuhlakani", amaqembu ahlomile amajihadist, efuna amasu amasha nezindlela ezintsha zokusebenza, akwazi ukuthatha. inzuzo yezici zokungazinzi esifundeni esiPhakathi ukuze uthole ithonya elisha.
Ezinye zalezi zici zivamile kuzo zombili izifunda ezimaphakathi nezisenyakatho. Kodwa-ke, kungaba okungalungile ukukholelwa ukuthi izigameko ezimbi ezivame ukwenzeka engxenyeni emaphakathi yeMali iminyaka eminingi ngemva kuka-2015 ziwukuqhubeka nje kwengxabano yasenyakatho.
Eqinisweni, obunye ubuthakathaka buqondile kakhulu ezifundeni ezimaphakathi. Izinhloso zemiphakathi yendawo exhashazwa ama-jihadist zihluke kakhulu. Nakuba amaTuareg enyakatho ayethi i-Azaouad yathola inkululeko (isifunda esiyinganekwane - ayizange ihambisane nanoma iyiphi inhlangano yezombusazwe yakudala, kodwa ehlukanisela amaTuareg zonke izifunda ezisenyakatho yeMali), imiphakathi emelwe izifunda ezimaphakathi , azenzi izimangalo zezepolitiki eziqhathanisekayo, uma nje zenza noma yiziphi izimangalo.
Ukubaluleka komehluko phakathi kwendima yeFulani ezenzakalweni ezisenyakatho nasezifundeni ezimaphakathi, okugcizelelwa yibo bonke ababukele, kuyatshela. Ngempela, umsunguli weMasina Liberation Front, obaluleke kakhulu emaqenjini ahlomile ahililekile, uHamadoun Kufa, owabulawa ngoNovemba 28, 2018, wayengowakwaFulani ngokobuzwe, kanye neningi lamasosha akhe. [38]
Bambalwa enyakatho, amaFulani maningi ezifundeni ezimaphakathi futhi akhathazekile njengeminye imiphakathi eminingi ngokuncintisana okwandisiwe phakathi kwabelusi abafudukayo nabalimi abazinzile okwenzeka esifundeni, bahlupheka kakhulu ngenxa yezimo zomlando namasiko.
Izindlela ezichazayo zesifunda kanye ne-Sahel iyonke, ezenza kube nzima ukuthi imizulane nabantu abazinzile bahlale ndawonye, empeleni zimbili:
• ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, osekuqhubeka esifundeni saseSahel (imvula yehle ngamaphesenti angama-20 kule minyaka engu-40 edlule), kuphoqa imihambima ukuba ifune izindawo ezintsha zamadlelo;
• ukukhula kwenani labantu, okuphoqa abalimi ukuthi bafune umhlaba omusha, kunomthelela othize kulesi sifunda esivele sinabantu abaningi. [38]
Uma amaFulani, njengabelusi abafudukayo, ekhathazwa ikakhulukazi ukuncintisana phakathi kwezizwe zonke lezi zintuthuko, kungenxa yokuthi lo mncintiswano ubaxabanisa cishe nayo yonke eminye imiphakathi (isifunda siyikhaya lamaFulani, Tamashek, Songhai. , Bozo, Bambara and the Dogon), futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngoba amaFulani athintwa ikakhulukazi ezinye izenzakalo ezihlobene kakhulu nezinqubomgomo zombuso:
• noma ngabe iziphathimandla zaseMaliya, ngokungafani nalokho okwenzeke kwamanye amazwe, zingakaze ziveze umbono ngodaba lwentshisekelo noma isidingo sokunxeshezelwa, iqiniso liwukuthi amaphrojekthi entuthuko ahloselwe kakhulu abantu abahlala ezindaweni zokuhlala. Isikhathi esiningi lokhu kungenxa yengcindezi yabanikelayo, imvamisa evuna ukushiya ukuzulazula, okubhekwa njengokungahambelani nesakhiwo sombuso sesimanje kanye nokunciphisa ukufinyelela emfundweni;
• ukwethulwa ngo-1999 kokwabiwa kwezikhundla kanye nokhetho lomasipala, okwathi, nakuba kwanikeza abantu baseFulani ithuba lokuletha izimfuno zomphakathi esigabeni sezombusazwe, kwaba neqhaza elikhulu ekuqhamukeni kwezicukuthwane ezintsha futhi ngaleyo ndlela ekubuzweni kwezinhlaka zendabuko, ngokusekelwe kulokho. amasiko, umlando kanye nenkolo. Abantu besizwe samaFulani bazizwa ngalezi zinguquko ngokuqinile, njengoba nje ubudlelwano bomphakathi emphakathini wabo bukudala. Lezi zinguquko zaphinde zaqalwa ngumbuso, ababehlale bezibheka ngokuthi "zingenisiwe" ngaphandle, umkhiqizo wesiko laseNtshonalanga elikude kakhulu nelabo. [38]
Lo mphumela, vele, unomkhawulo phakathi kokuguquguquka kwenqubomgomo yokusatshalaliswa kombuso. Nokho, kuyiqiniso komasipala abaningi. Futhi ngokungangabazeki "umuzwa" wezinguquko ezinjalo unamandla kunomthelela wabo wangempela, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamaFulani abavame ukuzicabangela "izisulu" zalo mgomo.
Okokugcina, izinkumbulo zomlando akufanele zinganakwa, nakuba akufanele zilinganiswe ngokweqile. Emcabangweni wamaFulani, uMbuso WaseMasina (okuyinhloko-dolobha yawo iMopti) umelela inkathi yegolide yezifunda ezimaphakathi neMali. Ifa lalo mbuso lihlanganisa, ngaphezu kwezinhlaka zenhlalo eziqondene nomphakathi kanye nesimo sengqondo esithile ngenkolo: amaFulani aphila futhi azibona njengabasekeli be-Islam emsulwa, emoyeni wobuzalwane bamaSufi baseQuadriyya, abazwelana nabaqinile. ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho yeKoran.
I-jihad eyayishunyayelwa abantu abavelele embusweni waseMasina yayihlukile kunaleyo eyayishunyayelwa amaphekula asebenza eMali njengamanje (ayeqondise isigijimi sawo kwamanye amaSulumane imikhuba yawo eyayingabhekwa njengehambisana nombhalo wokuqala). Isimo sengqondo sikaKufa ngabantu abahamba phambili embusweni waseMasina sasingaqondakali. Wayevame ukubhekisela kubo, kodwa waphinde wahlambalaza i-mausoleum yaseSekou Amadou. Kodwa-ke, i-Islam eyenziwa yi-Fulani ibonakala ihambisana nezinye izici ze-Salafism amaqembu ama-jihadist avame ukuzibiza ngokuthi awabo. [2]
Umkhuba omusha ubonakala uvela ezifundeni ezimaphakathi ne-Mali ngo-2019: kancane kancane izisusa zokuqala zokujoyina amaqembu e-jihadist endawo zibonakala zinengqondo, umkhuba obonakala ekubuzweni kwezwe laseMaliya kanye nesimanjemanje. Inkulumo-ze kaJihadi, ememezela ukwenqatshwa kokulawulwa kombuso (okubekwe yiNtshonalanga, okuhambisana nakho) kanye nokukhululwa ezikhundleni zezenhlalakahle ezikhiqizwa ukoloni kanye nombuso wesimanje, ithola i-echo "yemvelo" phakathi kwamaFulani kunaphakathi kwezinye izinhlanga. amaqembu . [38]
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesifunda kombuzo we-Fulani esifundeni sase-Sahel
Ukunwetshwa kokungqubuzana ngaseBurkina Faso
AmaFulani iningi endaweni yaseSahelian eBurkina Faso, esemngceleni weMali (ikakhulukazi izifundazwe zaseSoum (Jibo), Seeno (Dori) kanye ne-Ouadlan (Gorom-Goom), ezisemngceleni wezifunda zaseMopti, Timbuktu kanye neGao) eMali). kanye neNiger - nezifunda zaseTera naseTillaberi. Umphakathi oqinile wamaFulani nawo uhlala e-Ouagadougou, lapho uhlala khona ezindaweni eziningi zaseDapoya naseHamdalaye.
Ekupheleni kuka-2016, kwavela iqembu elisha elihlomile eBurkina Faso elalithi lingaphansi kwe-Islamic State - i-Ansarul Al Islamia noma i-Ansarul Islam, umholi wayo omkhulu kwakunguMalam Ibrahim Dicko, umshumayeli waseFulani, njengoHamadoun Koufa eCentral Mali, wazenza waziwa ngokuhlaselwa kaningi kwamasosha eBurkina Faso kanye nezokuphepha kanye nezikole ezifundazweni zaseSum, Seeno kanye neDeleted. [38] Ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa kokulawula kwamasosha kahulumeni enyakatho yeMali ngo-2013, amasosha aseMaliya athumba u-Ibrahim Mallam Diko. Kodwa wakhululwa ngemva kokuphikelela kwabaholi babantu baseFulani eBamako, kuhlanganise nowayenguSomlomo wePhalamende Likazwelonke - u-Aly Nouhoum Diallo.
Abaholi be-Ansarul Al Islamia bangabalweli be-MOJWA (Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa - Movement for unity and jihad in West Africa, by "unity" kufanele kuqondwe ngokuthi "monotheism" - ama-radicals amaSulumane angama-monotheists ngokweqile) avela enkabeni. Mali. UMalam Ibrahim Dicko manje sekucatshangwa ukuthi ushonile kwathi umfowabo uJafar Dicko wangena esikhundleni sakhe njengenhloko ye-Ansarul Islam. [38]
Nokho, isenzo saleli qembu sihlala silinganiselwe ngokwendawo okwamanje.
Kodwa, njengasenkabeni yeMali, wonke umphakathi waseFulani ubonakala uhlangene nama-jihadists, aqondise imiphakathi ezinzile. Ukusabela ekuhlaselweni kwamaphekula, imiphakathi ezinzile yakha amabutho ayo ukuze izivikele.
Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2019, ekuphenduleni ukuhlasela okuhlomile kwabantu abangaziwa, izakhamuzi zase-Yirgou zahlasela izindawo ezihlala abantu baseFulani izinsuku ezimbili (Januwari 1 no-2), kwashona abantu abangu-48. Kwathunyelwa amaphoyisa ukuba azokwehlisa umoya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka, e-Bankass Cercle (isigaba sokuphatha sesifunda saseMopti saseMali), i-41 Fulani yabulawa yi-Dogons. [14], [42]
Isimo eNiger
Ngokungafani neBurkina Faso, iNiger ayinawo amaqembu amaphekula asebenza endaweni yayo, naphezu kwemizamo yeBoko Haram yokuzinza ezindaweni ezisemngceleni, ikakhulukazi ohlangothini lweDiffa, inqoba intsha yaseNiger enomuzwa wokuthi isimo somnotho ezweni sibaphuca ikusasa. . Kuze kube manje, iNiger ikwazile ukulwa nale mizamo.
Le mpumelelo ehlobene ichazwa ikakhulukazi ngokubaluleka iziphathimandla zaseNigerien ezikunamathisela ezindabeni zokuphepha. Babele ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yesabelomali sikazwelonke. Iziphathimandla zaseNigerien zabele izimali ezibalulekile zokuqinisa amasosha namaphoyisa. Lokhu kuhlola kwenziwa kucatshangelwa amathuba atholakalayo eNiger. INiger ingelinye lamazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeni (esendaweni yokugcina ngokwenkomba yokuthuthukiswa kwabantu esezingeni le-United Nations Development Programme - UNDP) futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuhlanganisa imizamo evuna ezokuphepha nenqubomgomo yokuqala inqubo yokuthuthukisa.
Iziphathimandla zaseNigeria zisebenza kakhulu ekusebenzisaneni kwesifunda (ikakhulukazi neNigeria neCameroon ngokumelene neBoko Haram) futhi zamukela ngokuzithandela endaweni yazo amabutho angaphandle ahlinzekwa ngamazwe aseNtshonalanga (iFrance, i-USA, iJalimane, i-Italy).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziphathimandla zaseNiger, njengoba nje zikwazile ukuthatha izinyathelo ezaqeda inkinga yeTuareg, ngokuphumelelayo kunozakwabo baseMaliya, nazo zabonisa ukunaka okukhulu endabeni yeFulani kunaleyo eMali.
Kodwa-ke, iNiger ayikwazanga ukukugwema ngokuphelele ukusakazeka kokwesaba okuvela emazweni angomakhelwane. Izwe lihlala liyisisulu sokuhlasela kwamaphekula, okwenziwa eningizimu-mpumalanga, ezindaweni ezisemngceleni neNigeria, nasentshonalanga, ezifundeni eziseduze neMali. Lokhu ukuhlasela okuvela ngaphandle - umkhankaso oholwa yiBoko Haram eningizimu-mpumalanga kanye nemikhankaso evela esifundeni saseMénaka entshonalanga, "okuyindawo enhle yokuzalela" yezihlubuki zaseTuareg eMali.
Abahlaseli baseMali bavame ukuba ngamaFulani. Abanawo amandla afana neBoko Haram, kodwa kunzima nakakhulu ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwabo ngoba i-porosity yomngcele iphezulu. Abaningi baseFulani abahilelekile ekuhlaselweni bangabaseNigerien noma abadabuka eNigerien - abelusi abaningi baseFulani abafudukayo baphoqeleka ukuthi bashiye iNiger bayohlala endaweni engumakhelwane yaseMali lapho ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba oniselwayo esifundeni saseTillaberi kunciphisa amadlelo abo ngeminyaka yawo-1990. [38]
Kusukela lapho, baye bahileleka ezingxabanweni phakathi kwamaFulani aseMali kanye namaTuareg (i-Imahad neDausaki). Kusukela ekuvukeleni kokugcina kweTuareg eMali, ibhalansi yamandla phakathi kwamaqembu womabili ishintshile. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaTuareg, abesevele ehlubukile izikhathi eziningana kusukela ngo-1963, asevele enezikhali eziningi.
I-Fulani yaseNiger "yayilwa" ngenkathi i-Ganda Izo militia isungulwa ngo-2009. (Ukudalwa kwalezi zempi ezihlomile kwaba umphumela wokuhlukana okuqhubekayo eqenjini elidala emlandweni - "Ganda Koi", lapho "Ganda Izo" ekhona. Njengoba i-“Ganda Izo” ihlose ukulwa namaTuareg, abantu baseFulani bajoyina (bobabili iMaliya Fulani kanye neNiger Fulani), okwathi ngemva kwalokho abaningi babo bahlanganiswa ne-MOJWA (Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa – Movement for Unity (monotheism) kanye jihad in West Africa) bese kuba ISGS (Islamic State in the Great Sahara). [38]
Ibhalansi yamandla phakathi kweTuareg neDausaki, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kanye neFulani, ngakolunye, iyashintsha ngokufanele, futhi ngo-2019 isivele ilinganisela kakhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, kuba nezingxabano ezintsha, ngokuvamile eziholela ekufeni kwenqwaba yabantu nhlangothi zombili. Kulezi zimpi, amabutho amazwe ngamazwe aphikisana namaphekula (ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi se-Operation Barhan) kwezinye izimo adala ukusebenzisana kwesikhashana neTuareg kanye neDausak (ikakhulukazi ne-MSA), okwathi ngemva kokuphothulwa kwesivumelwano sokuthula nohulumeni waseMaliya, bazibandakanya ukulwa nobuphekula.
I-Fulani yaseGuinea
IGuinea nenhloko-dolobha yayo iConakry yiyona kuphela izwe lapho amaFulani eyisizwe esikhulu kunazo zonke, kodwa hhayi iningi - cishe amaphesenti angama-38 abantu. Nakuba bedabuka eCentral Guinea, ingxenye emaphakathi yezwe ehlanganisa amadolobha anjengeMamu, iPita, iLabe neGaual, bakhona kuzo zonke ezinye izifunda lapho befudukele khona befuna izimo zokuphila ezingcono.
Isifunda asithinteki nge-jihadism futhi amaFulani awanawo futhi awazange ahileleke ikakhulukazi ezingxabanweni ezinodlame, ngaphandle kwezingxabano zendabuko phakathi kwabelusi abafudukayo kanye nabantu abazinzile.
EGuinea, amaFulani alawula iningi lamandla ezomnotho wezwe futhi ikakhulukazi amandla ongqondongqondo nawenkolo. Yibo abafundile kakhulu. Basheshe bafunde ukufunda nokubhala, okokuqala ngesi-Arabhu bese kuba ngesiFulentshi ezikoleni zesiFulentshi. Ama-Imam, othisha beKur'an eNgcwele, izikhulu eziphezulu ezivela maphakathi nezwe kanye nabavela emazweni angaphandle bangamaFulani amaningi. [38]
Kodwa-ke, singazibuza ngekusasa njengoba amaFulani abelokhu eyizisulu zokucwaswa [kwezombangazwe] kusukela inkululeko ukuze agcinwe kude namandla ezepolitiki. Ezinye izizwe zizizwa zingenwe yilaba bahambi bendabuko abafika bezoklebhula izindawo zabo ezingcono kakhulu ukuze bakhe amabhizinisi achuma kakhulu kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezikhazimulayo. Ngokusho kwamanye amaqembu ezizwe eGuinea, uma amaFulani eqala ukubusa, azoba nawo wonke amandla futhi anikezwe umqondo ohlobene nawo, azokwazi ukuwugcina futhi awugcine kuze kube phakade. Lo mbono waqiniswa inkulumo enonya kamongameli wokuqala waseGuinea, uSekou Toure, emelene nomphakathi wamaFulani.
Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zomzabalazo wenkululeko ngo-1958, uSekou Toure ophuma kubantu baseMalinke kanye nabalandeli bakhe bebelokhu bebhekene namaFulani kaBari Diawandu. Ngemva kokubusa, u-Sekou Toure unikeze zonke izikhundla ezibalulekile kubantu abavela kubantu baseMalinke. Ukuvezwa kwezinsolo zozungu lukaFulani ngo-1960 futhi ikakhulukazi ngo-1976 kwamnikeza izaba zokuqedwa kwezibalo ezibalulekile zamaFulani (ikakhulukazi ngo-1976, uTelly Diallo, owayenguNobhala-Jikelele wokuqala weNhlangano Yobunye Base-Afrika, owayehlonishwa kakhulu futhi ehlonishwa kakhulu. umuntu ovelele, uyaboshwa futhi ancishwe ukudla aze ashone etilongweni lakhe). Leli tulo elisolwayo laliyithuba lokuthi uSekou Toure ethule izinkulumo ezintathu ezigxeka amaFulani ngonya oludlulele, ebabiza ngokuthi “amambuka” “acabanga ngemali kuphela…”. [38]
Okhethweni lokuqala lwentando yeningi ngo-2010, uCellou Dalein Diallo ongenele ukhetho lwamaFulani uphume phambili emzuliswaneni wokuqala, kodwa zonke izinhlanga zahlangana emzuliswaneni wesibili ukumvimba ekubeni umongameli, enikeza amandla u-Alpha Conde, omvelaphi yakhe isuka Abantu baseMalinke.
Lesi simo siya ngokuya singathandeki kubantu baseFulani futhi sidala ukukhungatheka nokudumala okuvunyelwe yintando yeningi yakamuva (ukhetho luka-2010) ukuba zivezwe esidlangalaleni.
Ukhetho lukamongameli oluzayo ngo-2020, lapho u-Alpha Condé engeke akwazi ukungenela ukhetho kabusha (umthethosisekelo uvimbela umongameli ukuthi aphathe amahlandla angaphezu kwamabili), kuzoba umnqamulajuqu obalulekile wokuthuthukisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwamaFulani nabanye. imiphakathi yezizwe eGuinea.
Ezinye iziphetho zesikhashana:
Kungaba ukuthambekela kakhulu ukukhuluma nganoma yikuphi ukuthambekela okushiwo phakathi kwamaFulani kwe "jihadism", kuncane kakhulu ukuthambekela okunjalo okubangelwa umlando wemibuso yangaphambili engokwasezulwini yalesi sizwe.
Lapho kuhlaziywa ubungozi bokuthi amaFulani ahlangene nama-Islamist aqinile, ubunkimbinkimbi bomphakathi wamaFulani abunakwa. Kuze kube manje, asizange singene ekujuleni kwesakhiwo senhlalo ye-Fulani, kodwa eMali, isibonelo, iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi i-hierarchical. Kunengqondo ukulindela ukuthi izithakazelo zezingxenye eziyingxenye yomphakathi wamaFulani zingahluka futhi zibe imbangela yokungqubuzana kokuziphatha noma ngisho nokwehlukana phakathi komphakathi.
Ngokuqondene neMali emaphakathi, ukuthambekela kokuphonsela inselelo umyalelo osungulwe, okuthiwa uqhuba amaFulani amaningi ukuthi ajoyine ama-jihadist, ngezinye izikhathi kuwumphumela wokuthi abantu abasha emphakathini benza ngokumelene nentando yabantu abadala. Ngokunjalo, intsha yamaFulani kwesinye isikhathi ike yazama ukusizakala ngokhetho lomasipala, njengoba kuchaziwe, okuvame ukubonakala njengethuba lokukhiqiza abaholi abangebona abahlonishwa bendabuko) - le ntsha kwesinye isikhathi ibheka abantu abadala kakhulu njengababambe iqhaza kulezi zinsuku. "amakhono". Lokhu kudala amathuba ezingxabano zangaphakathi - okuhlanganisa izingxabano - phakathi kwabantu besizwe samaFulani. [38]
Akungabazeki ukuthi amaFulani athambekele ekuzihlanganiseni nabaphikisi besimiso esimisiwe - into engokwemvelo etholakala kuma-nomads. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuhlakazeka kwezindawo zabo, balindeleke ukuthi bahlale bembalwa futhi ngemva kwalokho bangakwazi ukuthonya isiphetho samazwe abahlala kuwo, ngisho noma bebonakala benethuba elinjalo futhi bakholelwa ukuthi kusemthethweni, njengoba kwenzeka eGuinea.
Imibono eqhamuka kulesi simo ibhebhethekisa amathuba amaFulani afunde ukuwasebenzisa uma besenkingeni - lapho ebhekene nabagxeki abababona njengezinhlaka zakwamanye amazwe ezisabisayo kuyilapho bona. bona baphila njengezisulu, bebandlululwa futhi belahlwe ukubandlululwa.
Ingxenye yesithathu iyalandela
Imithombo esetshenzisiwe:
Uhlu oluphelele lwezincwadi ezisetshenziswe engxenyeni yokuqala neyesibili yamanje yokuhlaziywa inikezwa ekupheleni kwengxenye yokuqala yokuhlaziywa okushicilelwe ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi "Sahel - izingxabano, ukuxoshwa kanye namabhomu okufuduka". Yileyo mithombo ekhonjiwe engxenyeni yesibili yokuhlaziywa - "I-Fulani kanye ne"Jihadism" eNtshonalanga Afrika" inikezwa lapha.
[2] Dechev, Teodor Danailov, “Double bottom” noma “schizophrenic bifurcation”? Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezisusa ze-ethno-nationalist kanye nenkolo-ontamolukhuni emisebenzini yamanye amaqembu amaphekula, Sp. Ezombusazwe Nokuvikeleka; Unyaka I; cha. 2; 2017; amakhasi 34 - 51, ISSN 2535-0358 (ngesiBulgaria).
[14] UCline, uLawrence E., ukunyakaza kwamaJihadist eSahel: Rise of the Fulani?, Mashi 2021, Ubuphekula Nodlame Lwezepolitiki, 35 (1), pp. 1-17
[38] Sangare, Boukary, Fulani people and Jihadism in Sahel and West Africa countries, February 8, 2019, Observatoire of Arab-Muslim World and Sahel, The Fondation pour la recherche stratégique (FRS)
[39] The Soufan Center Special Report, Wagner Group: The Evolution of a Private Army, Jason Blazakis, Colin P. Clarke, Naureen Chowdhury Fink, Sean Steinberg, The Soufan Centre, June 2023
[42] U-Waicanjo, u-Charles, Izingxabano Zamazwe Ngamazwe-Zomlimi kanye Nokungazinzi Komphakathi e-Sahel, Meyi 21, 2020, Inkululeko Yase-Afrika.
Isithombe nguKureng Workx: https://www.pexels.com/photo/a-man-in-red-traditional-clothing-taking-photo-of-a-man-13033077/
