Kodwa, iyini ngempela imithetho yempi futhi kwenzekani lapho iphulwa?
Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nomthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe, owaziwa ngesifushaniso sawo esithi IHL, Izindaba ze-UN ukhulume no-Eric Mongelard ehhovisi le-UN lamalungelo abantu, OHCHR.
Nakhu okudingeka ukwazi:
Imithetho yempi
Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wokusiza abantu umdala njengempi. Kusukela ezindimeni eziseBhayibhelini ne-Quran kuye kumakhodi e-Europe enkathi ephakathi e-chivalry, le sethi ekhula njalo yemithetho yokusebenzelana ihlose ukukhawulela imiphumela yokungqubuzana kubantu abavamile noma abangalwi.
Le mithetho imele “imithetho encane kakhulu yokugcina isintu kwezinye zezimo ezimbi kakhulu ezaziwayo isintu,” kusho uMnu. Mongelard, ephawula ukuthi imithetho yempi iyasebenza lapho nje impi yezikhali isiqalile.
Utolika we-UN usebenza ngesikhathi kunenkulumo-mpikiswano ngomthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.
Imithetho ekhona namuhla isekelwe ikakhulukazi kwi-Geneva Conventions, eyokuqala yayo eyandulela i-UN cishe iminyaka engama-200.
Yiziphi Izivumelwano Ze-Geneva?
Ngemva kwesimemezelo saseSwitzerland sokungathathi hlangothi “kwaphakade” kwamazwe ngamazwe ngo-1815, impi engumakhelwane yase-Austrian-French ngo-1859 yabangela uHenri Dunant, odabuka eSwitzerland ojwayele ukushona empini, ukuba aphakamise lokho okwaba yiKomidi Lamazwe Ngamazwe Lokusiza Abalimele.
Lelo qembu ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho laguqulwa laba iKomiti Yezizwe Ngezizwe Yesiphambano Esibomvu (ICRC) kwalandelwa iSivumelwano Sokuqala saseGeneva, esasayinwa ngo-1864 ngamazwe angu-16 aseYurophu. Kusukela lapho, inani elikhulayo lezizwe liye lamukela eminye Imihlangano Yesigodi yaseGeneva.
Izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-180 sezibe amaqembu ezingqungqutheleni zango-1949. Zihlanganisa 150 uthi iqembu Iphrothokholi I, eyanweba isivikelo ngaphansi kwezivumelwano zase-Geneva ne-Hague kubantu ababehileleke ezimpini “zokuzibusa” okwabuye kwachazwa kabusha njengezingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe futhi kwavumela nokusungulwa kwamakhomishana okuthola iqiniso ezimeni zezinsolo zokuphulwa komhlangano.
Izifundazwe ezingaphezu kuka-145 ziyingxenye yazo Iphrothokholi II, eyanweba ukuvikeleka kwamalungelo abantu kubantu ababehileleke ezingxabanweni ezinzima zombango ezazingazange zihlanganiswe yizivumelwano zika-1949.
Umsebenzi osemusha waseBrithani we-Red Cross usiza izisulu zesomiso ekamu e-Bati, e-Ethiopia ngo-1984.
Imithetho emisha yempi kanye nezivumelwano zeNgqungquthela yase-Geneva ithuthukile njengoba izikhali zasenkundleni yempi nezimpi seziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi zaba zimbi.
Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zavela futhi zokuvimbela uhla lwezikhali ezibangelwa izingxabano zekhulu lama-20, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni kwegesi yesinaphi emiseleni yeMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kuya ekulahleni i-napalm emoyeni kulo lonke elase-Viet Nam. Lezi zivumelwano ezibophayo ziphinde zibophezele abasayinayo ukuthi bahloniphe umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ubani ovikelwe?
Izibhedlela, izikole, izakhamuzi, izisebenzi zosizo, nemizila ephephile yokuletha usizo oluphuthumayo kuphakathi kwabantu nezindawo ezivikelwe umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.
I-protocol ye-Geneva Conventions eyamukelwa ngo-1977 iqukethe "imithetho eminingi" yokuvikela umphakathi, kusho uMnu. Mongelard. Ngokuvamile, izimiso ezibalulekile zihlukaniswe zaba amasethi amabili emithetho, owokuqala ugxile ekuhlonipheni isithunzi nokuphila komuntu kanye nokuphathwa kobuntu. Lokho kufaka phakathi ukuvinjelwa kokubulawa okufinyeziwe nokuhlukumeza.
Umfana umi phakathi kwezinsalela zesikole sakhe eNovohryhorivka, e-Ukraine.
Esesibili sisebenza ekwehlukaniseni, ekulinganiseni nasekuxwayeni, wathi, kubophezela wonke amaqembu alwayo.
Abakwazi ukukhomba izakhamuzi, kumele baqinisekise ukuthi ukusebenza kanye nezikhali abakhetha ukuzisebenzisa kuzonciphisa noma kugweme ukubulawa kwabantu, futhi kufanele banikeze isixwayiso esanele kubantu abavamile mayelana nokuhlasela okuzayo.
"Ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwendikimba yomthetho kuhlale kuwumsebenzi onzima," esho. "Ubufakazi be-anecdotal bubonisa ukuthi i-IHL ivame ukuhlonishwa kunokungahlonishwa."
Noma isikhona le mithetho, bangu-116 abasebenzi bosizo abashonile ngesikhathi benza imisebenzi yabo kwezinye zezindawo eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni ngo-2022.
Selokhu kuqale unyaka, sekubulawe abasebenzi bosizo abangama-62, abangama-84 balimala, abangama-34 bathunjwa, ngokusho kwe-UN, idatha yesikhashana ekhonjiwe ngo-August evela enhlanganweni yocwaningo ezimele Humanitarian Outcomes. Kusukela mhla ziyisi-7 kuMfumfu, sekubulawe abasebenzi abayi-15 be-UN eGaza.
Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu kanye nemithetho ehlobene nayo, isimo ezinkundleni zempi emhlabeni wonke "singaba sibi kakhulu", kusho uMnu. Mongelard.
“Abahlanganyeli engxabanweni, lapho bebhekene nezinsolo, ngokwesibonelo, iziteleka ezibhekiswe kubantu abavamile noma ingqalasizinda yabantu, bazohlale befuna ukuphika noma ukufuna ukuchaza, ngaleyo ndlela baqinise ngempela ukuthi bayabona ukuthi le mithetho ibalulekile,” uthe.
Ukuqeda ukungajezisi
"Ukwephulwa okungathi sína komthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe kuwubugebengu bempi", eqhubeka. Kanjalo, zonke izifundazwe zinesibopho sokwenza lokho kuziphatha kube yicala, kuphenywe, futhi kushushiswe abenzi bobubi.
Umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe ungephulwa ngaphandle kwempi yangempela. Khonamanjalo, amacala abhekiswe esintwini akukaze kuvunyelwane ngawo esivumelwaneni esizinikele somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i- Isitatimende saseRoma inikeza ukuvumelana kwakamuva komphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ngalokho okuwela ngaphakathi kwesikophu. Futhi yisivumelwano esinikezela nge uhlu olubanzi kakhulu wezenzo ezithile ezingase zenze ubugebengu.
Iseshini yokuqala Yenkantolo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngamacala Empi Ezweni Langaphambili LaseYugoslavia Ivulwa eHague ngo-1993.
Lapho ukwephulwa kwemithetho kwenzeka, kuye kwamiswa izindlela, kusukela ezinkantolo ze-UN eCambodia, Rwanda, kanye neYugoslavia yangaphambili ukuya emizamweni kazwelonke njengoba kwabonakala ngo-2020 e-DR Congo lapho inkantolo yamasosha iletha isigebengu sempi. ubulungiswa.
INkantolo Yobugebengu Yamazwe Ngamazwe ezinze eHague (I-ICC), eyasungulwa ngo-2002 yi-Rome Statute, nayo ibe namandla phezu kwezinsolo zokwephulwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe wobuntu.
Inkantolo yomhlaba wonke
Inkantolo yokuqala yomhlaba wonke yaphakade yobugebengu eyasungulwa ukuze isize ukuqeda ukungajezisi kwabenzi bamacala abucayi kakhulu akhathaza umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, i-ICC iyinhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ezimele, futhi ayiyona ingxenye yohlelo lwe-UN.
Kodwa, i-UN inokuxhumana okuqondile. Umshushisi we-ICC angavula amacala noma uphenyo oludluliselwe yi-UN UMkhandlu wezokuPhepha ukudluliselwa, ngamaqembu Amazwe ku-Rome Statute, noma ngokusekelwe olwazini oluvela emithonjeni ethembekile.
Nakuba kungewona wonke Amazwe Angamalungu e-UN ayi-193 ayamukelayo i-ICC, inkantolo ingaqala uphenyo futhi ivule amacala ahlobene nezinsolo kunoma yikuphi emhlabeni. Amacala alalelwe futhi kwathathwa izinqumo mayelana nohlu lokwephulwa komthetho, kusukela ekusebenziseni ukudlwengula njengesikhali sempi ukuya ekubuthweni kwezingane njengezimpi.
Inkantolo iyaphenya Amacala we-17. Ingxenye yomsebenzi wayo ihlanganisa nokukhipha izincwadi ezigunyaza ukuboshwa kwabasolwa ngobugebengu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa nencwadi egunyaza uMongameli waseRussia u-Vladimir Putin ehlobene nokuhlasela kwezwe lakhe ngokugcwele i-Ukraine.
Wonke umuntu anganikela
Nakuba umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe ubusa izinhlangothi ezilwayo, umphakathi jikelele uneqhaza elibalulekile okufanele ulibambe, kusho uMnu. Mongeard.
Uxwayise ngokuthi ukululaza iqembu labantu kungathumela umyalezo emabuthweni aseduze ukuthi "ukwephulwa okuthile kuzolunga".
“Okunye okubalulekile ukugwema ukubukela phansi omunye umuntu noma ukululaza isitha, ukugwema inkulumo enenzondo nokugwema ukugqugquzela udlame,” usho kanje. “Yilapho umphakathi jikelele ongafaka khona isandla.”
Umfanyana oneminyaka emihlanu ubudala uphakamise ikati lakhe phakathi kwenhlekelele yendlu yakhe eGaza.
Ngokuqondene nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, ngemva nje kokuqubuka kwengxabano phakathi kwe-Israel neGaza ngomhlaka-7 Okthoba, i-ICC yavula umnyango. uphenyo oluqhubekayo, ukusebenza a isixhumanisi ukunikeza izethulo zezinsolo zobugebengu bempi, ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini, ukubulawa kwabantu, kanye nobudlova - okwephula umthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe.
Isikhumbuzo sezibopho zamaqembu alwayo mayelana nenhlekelele yakwa-Israel neGaza sakhishwa umxhumanisi wosizo oluphuthumayo we-UN uMartin Griffiths owatshela uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN: “Kunemithetho yempi elula,” enezela “amaqembu ezimpini kufanele avikele izakhamuzi. ”
Ngokufanayo, i-World Health Organization (WHO) Umqondisi Wesifunda saseMpumalanga Mediterranean u-Ahmed Al Mandhari uxoxe naye Izindaba ze-UN kulandela isiteleka esibhedlela saseGazan.
“Ukunakekelwa kwezempilo akuyona into ehlosiwe, futhi akufanele kube okuhlosiwe,” “i-WHO ibiza zonke izinhlangothi ezingqubuzanayo ukuthi zibambelele emthethweni wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe” futhi “zivikele izakhamuzi” kanye “nalabo basebenzi bezempilo abasemkhakheni kanye nama-ambulensi. ”.
