Kulandela ukuhlasela kwayo okuphelele kwe-Ukraine ngoFebhuwari 2022, iRussia ibingaphansi kwezinhlawulo ezibanzi nezinzima kakhulu ezake zabekwa kunoma yiliphi izwe. I-European Union, eyake yaba nguzakwethu omkhulu wezohwebo waseRussia, yahola indlela ngamaphakheji ayishumi nanye ezinswinyo ezinyangeni ezingama-20 ezedlule, okuhlanganisa abantu abaningi, izikhungo zikahulumeni nezinhlangano, izinkampani ezizimele, nayo yonke imikhakha yezomnotho. Nakuba kuqondakala ngokokuziphatha futhi kuwukuhlakanipha kwezombusazwe, kwakungagwemeki ukuthi unswinyo olunesisekelo esibanzi kangaka lwaluyokhula lube yicala lomonakalo wesibambiso.
Ingxenye yakho ngokusobala ingenxa yesimo se-European Union njengoba idinga ukufinyelela ukuvumelana kwawo wonke amalungu ayo avame ukuba nemibono engqubuzanayo yezombangazwe kanye nezithakazelo zezomnotho ngokumelene neRussia ne-Ukraine, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwamabomu okungacacile nokungacacile. ulimi oluphazamisayo luye lwabonakala futhi akukho ndawo ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "oligarch". Okukhulunywe ngokweqile emaphephandabeni aseNtshonalanga kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, ama-oligarchs afika ukuze afanekise amandla nokweqisa kwesigaba esisha sosomabhizinisi abacebile kakhulu abazuza ingcebo emanzini angcolile e-post-Soviet Russia, ngokuvamile ngokuxhuma kwabo e-Kremlin.
Igama elingachazwanga kahle ngisho nangesikhathi sokudlondlobala kwawo ngeminyaka yawo-2000s, elithi “oligarch” lamukelwa abenzi benqubomgomo ye-EU njengegama eliwukubamba wonke umuntu ovela kubhiliyoni ohlwini lweForbes kuya kubaphathi abaphezulu namalungu ebhodi ezinkampani emikhakheni eyahlukene, eziningi ezingaxhumene ne-Kremlin kanye ne-zero yepolitiki. Kwesinye isikhathi umuntu ubengakwazi ngisho nokubona umehluko phakathi kwabaphathi abaphezulu baseRussia abaqokiwe kanye nabaphathi abaphezulu bakwamanye amazwe abangaqokiwe abasebenzela izinkampani ezinkulu ezethulwa eRussia. Akudingeki ukusho, lokhu kushiye i-EU isesimweni esintengayo kakhulu ngokusemthethweni: uma usohlwini ngoba "uyi-oligarch" kepha lona kanye lelo gama liyagwemeka futhi liyi-subjective elicekela phansi isisekelo sokubeka unswinyo futhi lenze kube lula ukuphonsela inselelo ngempumelelo. enkantolo.
Kuthathe i-EU isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka ukukubona lokho futhi manje isiyekile ukusebenzisa igama elithi “oligarch” njengesizathu sokujeziswa kwebhizinisi laseRussia, ithembele kokuthile ekubiza ngokuthi “usomabhizinisi ohamba phambili”. Nakuba leli gama lingalayishiwe futhi lingenazo izincazelo ezimbi ezicatshangelwe ngaphambili, ekugcineni alicacile futhi alisho lutho njenge-“oligarch.” Ingasaphathwa eyokuthi akucaci nakancane ukuthi kungani umuntu kufanele agunyazwe ngokuba “usomabhizinisi ohamba phambili” kungakhathaliseki ukuthi unaliphi ithonya langempela emnothweni waseRussia noma ekuthatheni izinqumo kwe-Kremlin. Isibonelo, i-EU yafaka unswinyo cishe kubo bonke osomabhizinisi nezikhulu eziphezulu abahlangane noMongameli u-Vladimir Putin ngoFebhuwari 24, 2022, ngemva kokuhlasela kweRussia i-Ukraine. Ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza kulowo mhlangano kufanekisa kanjani ukuzamukela ngokuphelele kwezinqubomgomo ze-Ukraine ye-Kremlin noma ikhono lokuthonya izinqumo zikaPutin kuwukuqagela kwanoma ubani. Ikakhulukazi, izizathu eziningi zokuqokwa azibonisi ikhono lomuntu lokuthonya izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni waseRussia.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaphikiswana ngokuthi, ngokulandela izinqubomgomo zika-Vladimir Putin zokubeka eceleni ama-oligarchs esizukulwane sokuqala njengoMikhail Khodorkovsky noma u-Boris Berezovsky, abekho ama-oligarchs ngomqondo ofanele waleli gama (okungukuthi osomabhizinisi abanethonya elingalingani lezombangazwe, ngezinye izikhathi elidlula lelo uhulumeni) washiya eRussia. Osomabhizinisi abaphezulu banamuhla kungenzeka ukuthi ama-oligarchs angaphambili agcina imali yawo eyakhiwe ngeminyaka yawo-1990s, ama-tycoon axhumene nohulumeni, noma uhlobo olusha losomabhizinisi kanye nama-CEO agxile eNtshonalanga, okungafani nesizukulwane sangaphambilini, abangazange benze imali yabo kulandela ukufakwa kwangasese okunempikiswano imboni yangaphambili yaseSoviet futhi ayincikile ezinkontilekeni zikahulumeni kanye nokuxhumana.
Ngo-Okthoba, uMarco-Advisory, uchwepheshe webhizinisi ohamba phambili ogxile emnothweni wase-Eurasian, wakhipha umbiko onesihloko esithi "Ubudlelwano Bamabhizinisi Nohulumeni ERussia - Kungani Amanye Ama-Oligarchs Enqunyelwe Futhi Abanye Akunjalo." Yize incoma isinqumo sakamuva se-EU sokunemba kakhudlwana ekubhalweni kwayo, lo mbiko usaphawula ukuthi “indlela yamanje yokuqondisa unswinyo isekelwe ekungaqondini kahle ukuthi ibhizinisi nohulumeni bahlobana kanjani eRussia.”
Ukuphakamisa, njengoba kubonakala sengathi i-EU yenza, ukuthi ukuba "usomabhizinisi ohamba phambili" kulingana nekhono lokuthonya uhulumeni waseRussia ukuba ahlanekezele ngokungeyikho indima yabo nomthelela wangempela. Lokhu kuphindwe kabili kuma-CEO ezinkampani ezizimele zaseRussia ezinjengoDmitry Konov wenkampani ye-petrochemical Sibur, u-Alexander Shulgin we-e-commerce giant Ozon kanye no-Vladimir Rashevsky womkhiqizi kamanyolo i-Eurochem, abagunyazwe ngenxa yokumela izinkampani zabo emihlanganweni noMongameli uPutin. Ngemuva kwalokho bashiye phansi imisebenzi yabo ukuze behlise ubungozi ezinkampanini zabo. Ngenkathi u-Shulgin, kanye nosozigidigidi uGrigory Berezkin kanye noFarkhad Akhmedov, bekhishiwe ohlwini lwezonswinyo lwe-EU ngoSepthemba 15, lesi sinqumo sisalinde abanye abaningi abajeziswe ngezizathu ezifanayo futhi ngokunganakwa okuncane ngezindima zabo zangempela noma iqiniso lokuthi, njengoSibur's Konov, behle esikhundleni ngenxa yenswinyo ebekwe bona.
Njengoba iMarco-Advisory ikubeka, kuneqembu elibanzi kakhulu losomabhizinisi “abanikezwe unswinyo ngenxa nje yokwaziwa emithonjeni yezindaba yaseNtshonalanga noma ngoba besohlwini olucebile, njengoba izinkampani zabo zenza ama-IPO e-UK noma e-US noma ezinye izizathu, ngaphandle kokuba nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lobuhlobo obuzuzisayo nohulumeni waseRussia.” Ekugcineni, kubonakala kunezizathu ezingokomthetho noma ezinengqondo zokuzigcina zivunyelwe.
Uma kubhekwa indlela yokuphatha, ebanzi yokufaka unswinyo kuyamangaza ukuthi benze okuncane ukufeza inhloso yabo eshiwo - okungukuthi, ukuguqula inkambo yeRussia nge-Ukraine. Uma kukhona, benze i-Kremlin yazimisela kakhulu, kuyilapho beyiphoqa ukuthi iphinde ihambise ukuthunyelwa kwayo kwamanye amazwe kanye nokugeleza kwezimali emazweni anobungane afana namanye ama-BRICs i-China ne-India - into engase ingenzeki ukuyihlehlisa ekulimazeni kokubili iRussia ne-Europe. , ubudlelwano babo manje sebukulungele ukuhlala bunoshevu iminyaka ezayo ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi inkinga yase-Ukraine isixazululwe ngokugcwele.
Okubi nakakhulu, unswinyo lubonakala lunomphumela ophambene kunalowo owabonwa osopolitiki baseNtshonalanga ngisho nakuma-oligarchs esizukulwane sokuqala, njengosozigidigidi we-Alfa Group uMikhail Fridman. UFridman, onemali eningi ebiza iForbes ibeka ku-$12.6 billion, okumenza abe ngu-9 waseRussia.th Umuntu ocebe kakhulu, ngo-Okthoba waphoqeleka ukuthi abuyele eMoscow esuka ekhaya lakhe eLondon. Engxoxweni yakamuva neBloomberg News usozigidi uthe empeleni "ucindezelwe" yimikhawulo eyeqile eyenza ukuthi angakwazi ukushiya impilo abeyijwayele futhi waze wabiza amaphrojekthi akhe amakhulu okutshala imali e-UK eminyakeni edlule "ngephutha elikhulu".
Ngokususa “ama-oligarchs” ohlwini lwayo lwezinhlawulo abenzi bezinqumo be-EU babonakala behamba ngendlela efanele. Ukuthi lokho kuwukwenza kabusha igama noma uphawu lokuhlenga kabusha kwezinqubomgomo zonswinyo zase-Europe kusazobonakala. Phela njengoba umlando wezijeziso zezomnotho usifundisa ukuthi zilula kakhulu ukuzifaka kunokususa.
