by Sergiy Shumilo
Isici esiyisici sesiko lasebukhosini ukumuncwa kwamandla kamoya, ubuhlakani nawokudala kanye namagugu abantu abanqotshiwe. I-Ukraine nayo injalo. Susa isiko loMbuso WaseRussia lo mnikelo wase-Ukraine, futhi uzoyeka ukuba "njengobabazekayo" kanye "nomhlaba" njengoba kuvame ukubonwa.
I-Denationalization, ukufiphala kokwazi kwezwe kanye nobuwena, kuyisimo esiyisici phakathi kwabantu abanqotshiwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele yanoma yimuphi umbuso. UMbuso WaseRussia amakhulu eminyaka wawulandela le ndlela yokuhlanganiswa okujwayelekile, lapho ingekho indawo yesizwe esihlukile sase-Ukraine namasiko. Kunalokho, kwakuzovela “abantu baseRussia abanobunye”.
Zonke izizukulwane zabantu base-Ukraine zikhuliswe ngaphansi kwethonya lezindaba ezinjalo. Ezimweni zokulahlekelwa yi-statehood yabo yase-Ukraine, ngaphandle kwamathemba okuzazi kanye nokukhula komsebenzi endaweni ekoloni, ehlukaniswe futhi yacekelwa phansi yizimpi ezingapheli ezweni lakubo, abantu abaningi base-Ukraine abasha, abafundile nabafisa ukuvelela baphoqeleka ukuthi bafune ikusasa elingcono enhloko-dolobha nase- indawo yombuso , lapho kwakukhona isidingo sabasebenzi abafundile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, baphoqeleka ukuba banikele ngamandla abo kanye namakhono abo ekuthuthukiseni isiko lombuso wangaphandle.
Embusweni waseMoscow ngekhulu le-16 kanye nengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-17, ngaphambi komjovo wokudala nobuhlakani wase-Ukraine, isiko lendawo laliyinto engathandeki kakhulu. Nokho, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-17, abantu abaningi base-Ukraine abafundile baba nesandla emsebenzini wokufundisa (okuthiwa “ukunwetshwa kwe-Kyiv-Mohyla”) eMuscovy. Ngaphansi kwethonya labantu baseKyiv-Mohyla kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwabo ngokuqondile, imfundo yethulwa eMuscovy, izikhungo zemfundo zadalwa, kwabhalwa izincwadi ezintsha zezincwadi futhi kwenziwa izinguquko ezinkulu zesonto. Inani elikhulu lezihlakaniphi zase-Ukraine libe nesandla ekwakhiweni kwesiko elisha lombuso, okwakuthi, ngokusho komklamo wabo, lalizoba "i-Ukrainized". Ngisho nasolimini lwezincwadi zesiRashiya kusukela ekupheleni kwe-17 - ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, amathonya athile e-Ukrainianization aqala ukuzwakala. Kwenzeka okufanayo kwezobuciko. Futhi impilo yesonto isikhathi eside yawela ngaphansi "kwethonya elincane laseRussia", lapho amaMuscovites omdabu aqala ukumelana nawo.
Ukuthola ukuzazi ezindaweni ezingenamkhawulo nezingaphansi kombuso wasenyakatho, abantu abaningi base-Ukraine bakholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi ngale ndlela bakhazimulisa “izwe labo elincane”. Kukhona umthala wonke wabantu abavelele abavela e-Ukraine ababhekwa ngokuthi "amaRussia". Lokhu kukhombisa yonke inhlekelele yesizwe esithunjiwe, abameleli baso abanamakhono nabagqamile babengenamathemba ezweni lakubo, bathathwa umbuso futhi baphenduka isifundazwe esiyisithulu. Ngokuvamile babephoqeleka ukuba banikele ngobuhlakani namakhono abo kwelinye izwe namasiko, futhi ngokuvamile babengenayo enye indlela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngaphansi kwethonya lemfundo yombuso, ngokuvamile balahlekelwa izimpande zabo zobuzwe kanye nobuntu babo.
Le nhlekelele ibonakala ngokucacile esiphethweni nasemsebenzini womlobi wase-Ukraine okhuluma isiRashiya u-Mykola Gogol (1809-1852). Kodwa abanye abantu abaningi abavelele bamasiko, inkolo nesayensi eMbusweni WaseRussia ekhulwini le-18-19 baphoqeleka ukuba bathole lokhu kuhlukana kwangaphakathi kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwemvelaphi yabo yase-Ukraine kanye nemfundo ehlangene yombuso, eyenqaba ilungelo lokuba yi-Ukraine. Lapha singabala amagama amaningi - kusukela kubaphathi besonto abaqavile, kuya kumafilosofi, abaculi nososayensi. Inkulumo-ze yombuso yasebenza kanzima ukuzethula emhlabeni wonke ngokuthi "amaRussia", kuyilapho empeleni babengabase-Ukraine. Abafundi abaningi kanye nothisha be-Kiev-Mohyla Academy ekhulwini le-18 baba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni imfundo, izincwadi kanye nobuciko embusweni.
UGrigoriy Skovoroda wase-Ukraine (1722-1794) waba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwesikole sefilosofi embusweni kanjalo, futhi uPaisiy Velichkovsky (1722-1794) waba nomthelela ekuvuselelweni nasekuvuselelweni kwezindela zama-Orthodox. Ngendlela efanayo, uPamfil Yurkevich (1826-1874) wasePoltava waqhubeka nokubeka izisekelo ze-Christian Platoism kanye ne-Cordocentrism kwifilosofi. Umfundi wakhe kwakuyisazi sefilosofi esidumile saseRussia uVladimir Solovyov (1853-1900), naye owayengumzukulu wesazi sefilosofi sase-Ukraine uGrigory Skovoroda. Ngisho nomlobi uFyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881) unezimpande zase-Ukraine, umkhulu wakhe u-Andrei Dostoevsky wayengumpristi wase-Ukraine waseVolyn futhi wasayina ngesi-Ukraine. Umqambi ovelele uPyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), umdwebi u-Ilya Repin (1844-1930), umqambi wendiza enophephela emhlane u-Igor Sikorsky (1889-1972), umsunguli we-cosmonautics esebenzayo uSergey Korolev (1906-1966), umculi nomculi. Umqambi u-Alexander Vertinsky (1889-1957), imbongi u-Anna Akhmatova (igama lakhe langempela nguGorenko, 1889-1966), umpetha we-ballet uSerge Lifar (1905-1986) nabo banezimpande zase-Ukraine. Izazi ze-pholosophers nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo nazo zazingabantu bomdabu base-Ukraine: Fr. iphrotheni. UGeorge Florovski (1893-1979), uFr. iprotoprezv. Vasily Zenkovski (1881-1962), Nikolay Berdyaev (1874-1948) nabanye abaningi. njll.
Ukwazi ngodumo lwezwe nokuqashelwa, ukunaka okuncane okukhokhwa ezweni lendabuko kanye nezimpande zalaba bantu abavelele. Ngokuvamile, ababhali be-biographer bazikhawulela ekukhulumeni kafushane ukuthi bazalelwa eMbusweni WaseRussia noma e-USSR, ngaphandle kokucacisa ukuthi lokhu empeleni kwakuyi-Ukraine, ngaleso sikhathi eyayingaphansi kombuso waseRussia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, empilweni yawo wonke umuntu, indawo azalelwa kuyo futhi akhulela kuyo ibalulekile ekwakhekeni komlingiswa, ukwazi kanye nezimo zengqondo. Ngokungangabazeki, izici ezingokwengqondo, zamasiko nezingokomoya zabantu base-Ukraine, amasiko abo kanye namagugu abo baye bashiya ngandlela-thile ithonya labo kulabo abazalwa noma abahlala e-Ukraine. Lesi sici sibalulekile ukukhunjulwa uma kuziwa endabeni noma ubuhlakani bobuntu obuthile.
Lapha, njengesibonelo, ngithanda ukusho odumile "waseFrance" ongcwele uMaria (Skobtsova) waseParis (1891-1945) - indela yama-Orthodox yePatriarchate yaseConstantinople, imbongi, umbhali, umhlanganyeli we-French Resistance, wasindisa izingane zamaJuda. ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe futhi wabulawa amaNazi ekamelweni legesi ekamu lokuhlushwa laseRavensbrück ngo-March 31, 1945.
Ngo-1985, isikhungo sesikhumbuzo sika-Yad Vashem ngemva kokushona kwakhe samhlonipha ngesihloko esithi "Olungileyo Womhlaba", kwathi ngo-2004, i-Ecumenical Patriarchate yaseConstantinople yammisa njengoMfel 'ukholo uMariya waseParis. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uMbhishobhi Omkhulu WamaRoma Katolika waseParis, uKhadinali uJean-Marie Lustiger waphawula ukuthi iSonto LamaRoma Katolika nalo lizohlonipha uMama uMariya njengomfel’ ukholo nosanta ongumvikeli waseFrance. Ngo-March 31, 2016, umcimbi wokuvulwa kukaMama uMaria Skobtsova Street wawubanjelwe eParis, eseduze noLourmel Street e-arrondissement yeshumi nanhlanu, lapho uMama uMaria ahlala futhi esebenza khona. Kuphawu ngaphansi kwegama lomgwaqo omusha kubhalwe ngesiFulentshi: "Umama uMaria Skobtsova Street: 1891-1945. Imbongi yaseRussia kanye nomculi. Umfundisi we-Orthodox. Ilungu le-Resistance. Ubulawe eRavensbrück.'
AmaFulentshi ayaziqhenya ngaleli gama. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa abantu abanaka iqiniso lokuthi umama uMaria wayengu-Ukraine ngokuzalwa. Wonke umuntu udukiswa isibongo sakhe kuphela Russian Skobtsova. Nokho, empeleni isibongo somyeni wakhe wesibili. Wayeshade kabili, emshadweni wakhe wokuqala waqamba isibongo Kuzmina-Karavaeva, futhi emshadweni wakhe wesibili washada nomuntu ovelele we-Kuban Cossack ukunyakaza Skobtsov, okwathi kamuva wahlukana futhi wamukela izindela.
Eseyintombazane, uMaria waqamba isibongo sikaPilenko futhi engowomndeni odumile wase-Ukraine kaCossack kaPilenko, abameleli bawo abayinzalo yamaZaporozhian Cossacks. Umkhulu wakhe u-Dmytro Vasilievich Pilenko (1830-1895) wazalelwa eningizimu ye-Ukraine, wayeyinduna yabasebenzi bebutho le-Kuban Cossack kanye nenhloko yesifunda sase-Black Sea. Ukhokho wakhe uVasily Vasilievich Pilenko wazalelwa esifundeni sasePoltava (isifunda sasePoltava), wayengunjiniyela eLuhansk Foundry futhi inhloko yezimayini zamalahle eLisichansk, waqala wathola i-iron ore e-Kryvyi Rih, kamuva waba inhloko yezimayini zikasawoti eCrimea. . Ukhokho wakhe, u-Vasil Pilenko, wayeyisosha kanye nomphathi wezinga le-Persozinkovo Hundred of the Hadiach Cossack Regiment, futhi kamuva wathola isikhundla sesibili esikhulu, futhi ngo-1788 waqokwa njengomgcinimafa weSifunda saseZinkovo ePoltava. Isifunda. Washona ngo-1794. Uyise kaVasil Pilenko naye wayekhonza eButhweni Lekhulu Lekhulu LaseHadiach, kanti umkhulu wakhe, uMihailo Filipovich Pilenko, wayekhonza embuthweni ofanayo.
"Isidleke sokhokho" sePilenko Cossacks yidolobha laseZenkov - isikhungo sekhulu leminyaka le-Hadyach Cossack Regiment esifundeni sasePoltava.
Njengoba kungase kubonakale, uSt. Mary waseParis ungowokuzalwa e-Ukraine, nakuba akhuliswa ngesiko lesiRashiya. Skobtsova - isibongo sakhe kusukela emshadweni wakhe wesibili, kamuva waphetha ngokwamukela izindela.
Ngemva kokufakwa ohlwini lwabafel 'ukholo, wayevame ukuqhubeka ebizwa ngesibongo somyeni wakhe wesibili - Skobtsova, ukuze agcizelele "izimpande Russian". Lena yindlela, ngokomkhuba oyiphutha owamukelwa ngokuvamile, aze alotshwe ekhalendeni labangcwele besonto lase-Ukraine. Ikakhulukazi, isithasiselo sesinqumo esingunombolo 25 seSinodi ye-OCU yangoJulayi 14, 2023, § 7 sithi: “… ukwengeza ekhalendeni lesonto elithi prpmchtsa Maria (Skobtsova) Pariska (1945) – sokusungula uMashi 31 njengo usuku lokukhumbula ngokwekhalenda elisha likaJulius, ngosuku lokufela ukholo lwakhe”.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lo mkhuba owandile muva nje ubangele ukungabaza okuthile. Nakuba ngemva kwesehlukaniso emibhalweni yomphakathi eFrance, uMaria akazange ashintshe isibongo sakhe (ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi ye-bureaucracy), akulungile ukumbiza endaweni yezindela ngesibongo sezwe somyeni wakhe wesibili. Futhi, abangcwele abajwayele ukubizwa ngesibongo sezwe.
Kungaba okulungile kakhulu ukumbiza ngegama lakhe eliyintombi elingu-Pilenko noma okungenani isibongo esikabili u-Pilenko-Skobtsova, okungathembeka kakhudlwana ngokombono womlando nowomlando wokuphila kwabantu.
Kunoma yikuphi, uSt Mary waseParis ungumlandeli womdala okhazimulayo wase-Ukrainian Cossack. Futhi lokhu kufanelekile ukukhumbula kokubili e-Ukraine naseFrance.
Kulesi sibonelo sibona ukuthi ithonya elihlanganisayo lombuso waseRussia liqhubeka kanjani ngokuzithoba esikhathini sethu ngisho nakwamanye amazwe. Kuze kube muva nje, bambalwa abantu emhlabeni ababeyazi futhi banake i-Ukraine, ukuhluka kwayo, umlando kanye namagugu. Ama-Ukraine abonwa ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kwethonya lezindaba zombuso waseRussia njengengxenye "yezwe laseRussia".
Impi yaseRussia ngokumelene ne-Ukraine, ukumelana nobuqhawe nokuzidela kwabantu base-Ukraine ngokumelene nobudlova baseRussia, umzabalazo onzima wenkululeko yabo, ukuzimela kanye nokuzazi kwenza umhlaba waqaphela ukuthi abantu abazi lutho cishe ngabantu base-Ukraine, kuhlanganise nalabo ababehlala phakathi kwabo futhi. sebedumile emikhakheni eyahlukene. Laba bantu base-Ukraine, noma ngabe bangamaRussia futhi bakhuliswa ngesiko langaphandle, bahlala bengabameleli abavelele base-Ukraine. Asinalo ilungelo lokuzilahla kanye nefa lazo. Ziphinde zibe umhlobiso we-Ukraine kanye nesiko layo elimibalabala futhi elinezimo eziningi, elilingana namasiko amakhulu ezinye izizwe zomhlaba. Ukuhlungwa kwamathonya athile ombuso efa labo, okwake kwavela ngokukhuliswa okufanele ngaphandle kobuzwe babo, kufanele kubuyisele la magama kumgcinimafa wase-Ukraine wamasiko omhlaba.
Isithombe: Mati Maria (Pilenko-Skobtsova).
Qaphela mayelana nesihloko: U-Shumilo, S. “Izimpande ezikhohliwe zase-Ukraine zosanta odumile “womFulentshi” njengesibonelo sokuhlanganiswa kombuso kanye nokukhishwa kwamanye amazwe” (Шумило, С. „Забытые украинские корни известной „французской зской зской узской узской узской упепиской упятой пеской украинские корни известной „французской зской зской узской узской узской узской упипиской упятой упеской упятор изской впяториской упятор приказей денационализации“ (Религиозно-информационная служба Украины)– ekhasini risu.ua (Inkonzo Yolwazi Lwezenkolo Yase-Ukraine).
Qaphela amayelana nombhali: U-Sergey Shumilo, Oqokelwe Isayensi Yezomlando, Udokotela Wezenkolo, Umqondisi we-International Institute of Athos Heritage, Fellow Research e-University of Exeter (UK), Isisebenzi Esihlonishiwe Samasiko e-Ukraine.
