Izazi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zibika ukuthi ziye zahlanganisa ama-PET scan amajuba esimanje kanye nocwaningo lwezinsalela zama-dinosaur ukuze zisize ekuphenduleni umbuzo ongapheli wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo: Ubuchopho bezinyoni bavela kanjani ukuze bakwazi ukundiza?
Inyoni - isithombe esinezithombe. Ikhredithi yesithombe: Pixabay (Ilayisensi ye-Pixabay yamahhala)
Impendulo ibonakala iwukukhula okuguquguqukayo kusayizi we-cerebellum kwezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla. I-cerebellum iyisifunda esingemuva kobuchopho benyoni esibhekene nokunyakaza nokulawula ukuhamba.
Imiphumela yocwaningo ishicilelwe kujenali Izinqubo zeRoyal Society B.
"Sithole ukuthi lapho izinyoni zisuka ekuphumuleni ziye endizeni, amasekhethi ku-cerebellum asebenza kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yobuchopho," kusho omunye umbhali wocwaningo. UPaul Gignac, uprofesa osebenza naye eNyuvesi yase-Arizona Ikholeji Yezokwelapha - iTucson, ukufunda i-neuroanatomy ne-evolution. Uphinde abe nguzakwabo wocwaningo we-American Museum of Natural History.
"Sibe sesibheka ugebhezi lwekhanda oluhambisana nalesi sifunda kuma-dinosaur nezinsalela zezinyoni ukuze silandelele ukuthi i-cerebellum ikhule nini," kusho uGignac. “Ukwanda kokuqala kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba izibankwakazi zithathe amaphiko, okubonisa ukuthi ukundiza kwezinyoni kusebenzisa ukudluliselwa kwemizwa kwakudala futhi kulondolozwe kahle, kodwa okunezinga eliphezulu lomsebenzi.”
Sekuyisikhathi eside ososayensi becabanga ukuthi i-cerebellum kufanele ibaluleke ekundizeni kwezinyoni, kodwa bebentula ubufakazi obuqondile. Ukukhomba ukubaluleka kwalo, ucwaningo olusha luhlanganise idatha yesimanje yokuthwebula ye-PET yamajuba avamile nerekhodi lezinsalela, ukuhlola izifunda zobuchopho bezinyoni ngesikhathi sokundiza kanye nemicabango yama-dinosaurs asendulo. Ama-PET scan akhombisa ukuthi izitho nezicubu zisebenza kanjani.
“Ukundiza okunamandla phakathi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla kuyisenzakalo esiyivelakancane emlandweni wokuziphendukela kwemvelo,” kusho umlobi oholayo u-Amy Balanoff, waseJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Eqinisweni, amaqembu amathathu nje ezilwane ezinomgogodla, noma izilwane ezinomgogodla, zavela ukuze zindize: ama-pterosaur aphelile - ukwesaba kwesibhakabhaka ngesikhathi seMesozoic, esaphela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-65 edlule - amalulwane nezinyoni, kusho uBalanoff. Amaqembu amathathu endizayo awahlobene eduze esihlahleni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi izici ezibalulekile ezenze ukundiza kuzo zontathu azikacaci.
Ngaphandle kokuzijwayeza kwangaphandle kokundiza, okufana nezitho ezinde ezingaphezulu, izinhlobo ezithile zezimpaphe, umzimba ohlelekile nezinye izici, ithimba liklame ucwaningo ukuze lithole izici ezakha ubuchopho obulungele ukundiza.
Ukuze lenze kanjalo, leli thimba lalihlanganisa onjiniyela bezokwelapha eNyuvesi yaseStony Brook eNew York ukuze baqhathanise umsebenzi wobuchopho wamajuba esimanje ngaphambi nangemuva kokundiza.
Abacwaningi benza ama-PET scans ukuze baqhathanise umsebenzi ezifundeni ezingu-26 zobuchopho lapho le nyoni iphumule futhi ngokushesha ngemva kokuba indize imizuzu engu-10 isuka kwelinye i-perch iye kwelinye. Bahlola izinyoni eziyisishiyagalombili ngezinsuku ezahlukene. Izikena ze-PET zisebenzisa inhlanganisela efana ne-glucose engalandelelwa lapho imuncwa khona kakhulu amangqamuzana obuchopho, okubonisa ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanjalo nomsebenzi. I-tracker iyehlisa isithunzi futhi ikhishwe emzimbeni phakathi nosuku noma ezimbili.
Ezifundeni ezingu-26, indawo eyodwa - i-cerebellum - ibe nokwenyuka okukhulu ngokwezibalo kumazinga omsebenzi phakathi kokuphumula nokundiza kuzo zonke izinyoni eziyisishiyagalombili. Sekukonke, izinga lokukhula komsebenzi ku-cerebellum lihluke kakhulu, uma liqhathaniswa nezinye izindawo zobuchopho.
Abacwaningi baphinde bathola ukwanda komsebenzi wobuchopho kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-optic flow pathways, inethiwekhi yamangqamuzana obuchopho exhuma i-retina esweni ne-cerebellum. Lezi zindlela zicubungula ukunyakaza endaweni yokubukwayo.
U-Balanoff uthe okutholwe yiqembu ngokunyuka komsebenzi ku-cerebellum nezindlela zokugeleza kwe-optic akumangazi ngempela, njengoba izindawo kucatshangwa ukuthi zidlala indima ekundizeni.
Okwakukusha ocwaningweni lwabo kwakuwukuxhumanisa okutholwe yi-cerebellum kobuchopho obukwazi ukundiza ezinyonini zesimanje kanye nerekhodi lensalela elabonisa ukuthi ubuchopho bama-dinosaurs anjengezinyoni baqala kanjani ukuthuthukisa izimo zobuchopho zokundiza okunamandla.
Ukuze lenze njalo, ithimba lasebenzisa isizindalwazi esifakwe kudijithali sama-endocast, noma isikhunta sesikhala sangaphakathi sezingebhezi ze-dinosaur, okuthi, uma zigcwalisiwe, zifane nengqondo.
Babe sebehlonza futhi balandelela ukwanda okukhulu kwevolumu ye-cerebellum kwezinye zezinhlobo zakuqala zama-maniptoran dinosaurs, ezandulela ukubonakala kokuqala kokundiza okunamandla phakathi kwezihlobo zezinyoni zasendulo, kuhlanganise. Archaeopteryx, idayinaso enamaphiko.
Abacwaningi abaholwa nguBalanoff baphinde bathola ubufakazi kuma-endocasts wokwanda kokugoqa kwezicubu ku-cerebellum yama-maniraptorans okuqala, inkomba yokwanda kobunzima bobuchopho.
Abacwaningi baxwayise ngokuthi lokhu okutholwe kusenesikhathi, futhi ukushintsha komsebenzi wobuchopho ngesikhathi sokundiza okunamandla kungase kwenzeke nangezinye izindlela zokuziphatha, njengokuntweza. Baphinde baqaphele ukuthi ukuhlola kwabo kwakuhilela ukundiza okuqondile, ngaphandle kwezithiyo kanye nendlela elula yendiza, nezinye izifunda zobuchopho zingase zisebenze kakhulu phakathi nokuqondisa kwendiza okuyinkimbinkimbi.
Ithimba locwaningo lihlela ngokulandelayo ukukhomba izindawo eziqondile ku-cerebellum ezivumela ubuchopho obulungele ukundiza kanye nokuxhumana kwemizwa phakathi kwalezi zakhiwo.
Imibono yesayensi yokuthi kungani ubuchopho buba bukhulu kuwo wonke umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ihlanganisa isidingo sokunqamula izindawo ezintsha nezihlukene, ukubeka inkundla yendiza nezinye izitayela zezitimela, kusho omunye umbhali uGabriel Bever weJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Abanye ababhali bezifundo bahlanganisa u-Elizabeth Ferrer we-American Museum of Natural History kanye noSamuel Merritt University; ULemise Saleh noPaul Vaska baseStony Brook University; M. Eugenia Gold we-American Museum of Natural History kanye ne-Suffolk University; uJesus Marugán-Lobón we-Autonomous University of Madrid; Mark Norell we-American Museum of Natural History; UDavid Ouellette we-Weill Cornell Medical College; UMichael Salerno waseNyuvesi yasePennsylvania; U-Akinobu Watanabe we-American Museum of Natural History, i-New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine kanye ne-Natural History Museum yaseLondon; kanye no-Shouyi Wei we-New York Proton Center.
Lolu cwaningo luxhaswe yiNational Science Foundation.
Source: University of Arizona
