Kodzero Dzevanhu maererano neUnited Nations, ikodzero dzatinadzo nekuda kwekuti tiripo sevanhu - hadzipihwe chero nyika. Kodzero dzepasirese idzi dzakawanikwa kwatiri tose, zvisinei nenyika, murume kana mukadzi, nyika kana dzinza, ruvara, chitendero, mutauro, kana chero chinzvimbo chipi zvacho. Zvinobva pazvinonyanya kukosha - kodzero yehupenyu - kune izvo zvinoita kuti hupenyu huve hwakakosha, hwakadai sekodzero dzekudya, dzidzo, basa, hutano, uye rusununguko. MuEurope havasi vose vane kodzero idzi, kana mumwe chete achitsamira paEuropean Convention on Human Rights. The Kokorodzano yeEurope inosanganisira chinyorwa chinoganhurira izvi kune vanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa. Yakabva kune mumwe munhu uye kumwe, uye nokuda kwechikonzero. Iyi ndiyo nyaya yezvaive kumashure.
The Musangano weEuropean pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu rakanyorwa muna 1949 na1950 muchikamu charo chekodzero yorusununguko nokuchengeteka kwevanhu vakacherechedza kunze kwe“vanhu vane pfungwa dzisina kusimba, zvidhakwa kana kuti vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka kana vabvakure.” Kusarudzika kwakagadzirwa nemumiriri weUnited Kingdom, Denmark neSweden, inotungamirwa nemaBritish. Zvakanga zvichibva mukunetsekana kuti magwaro ekodzero dzevanhu akanyorwa panguva iyoyo akatsvaga kushandisa Universal kodzero dzevanhu dzinosanganisira vanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa, izvo zvaipesana nemutemo uye magariro evanhu munyika idzi.
Eugenics kufamba
Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, kufamba kwe eugenics yenguva yedu kwakabuda muUnited Kingdom. Eugenics yakakurumbira uye kubva muchikamu chekutanga che1900s, vanhu kubva kumativi ezvematongerwo enyika vakagamuchira eugenic pfungwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nyika zhinji dzinosanganisira United States, Canada, Australia, uye nyika zhinji dzeEurope, kusanganisira Denmark, Germany, neSweden dzakapinda muhurongwa hweeugenic, hwakanangana ne "kuvandudza kunaka kwevagari vemo".
Zvirongwa zveeugenics zvaisanganisira ese anonzi matanho akanaka, aikurudzira vanhu vanoonekwa zvakanyanya "vakakodzera" kubereka, uye matanho asina kunaka, senge kurambidzwa kwewanano uye kuvharirwa kwechisimba kwevanhu vanoonekwa sevasina kukodzera kubereka, kana kungoparadzaniswa nevanhu vakadaro kubva munharaunda. . Vaya vaionekwa se "vasina kukodzera kubereka" kazhinji vaisanganisira vanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa kana hwepanyama, vanhu vasina kuita zvakanaka paIQ bvunzo, matsotsi, zvidhakwa uye "vakatsauka", uye nhengo dzemapoka madiki asingatenderwe.
MuUnited Kingdom, Eugenics Education Society mukutanga 1900s yakava nehanya inokura pa "kurapa" huwandu hwemagariro uye emuviri mamiriro kana hunhu pakati pevarombo. Zvaisanganisira udhakwa, utsotsi hwetsika, kuvimba nerubatsiro, chipfambi, zvirwere zvakaita senjovhera netibhii; zvirwere zvetsinga zvakadai sepfari; mamiriro ezvinhu epfungwa akadai sekupenga, kusanganisira hysteria uye melancholia; uye "kusasimba-pfungwa" - izwi rekubata-zvose kune ani nani anotendwa kuti haana simba repfungwa uye kutonga kwehunhu.
Sosaiti yakanga isina kutongova yakakura zvikuru, asi yakanga ichitaura zvikuru uye mashoko ayo anoparadzirwa airatidzira uye akasimudzira mirangariro yaiitwa munzvimbo dzose dzakakwirira dzenzanga, kubatanidza muhurumende.
Sosaiti yakaronga First International Eugenics Congress muna 1912, paYunivhesiti yeLondon, kusimudzira eugenics. Vatevedzeri vemutungamiri weBritain vekongiresi iyi vaisanganisira gurukota rezvemukati menyika, Reginald McKenna.
© Wellcome Collection. Attribution-NonCommerce 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
The Mental Deficiency Act
Kutevera kongiresi iyi, Reginald McKenna, gare gare muna 1912 akamiririra Hurumende, akatanga mutemo we eugenics waisanganisira kuvharirwa. Yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira “vane pfungwa dzisina simba” kuti vave vabereki. Bhiri iri rakasangana nekupokana kwakasimba uye rakazova musoro wenhaurirano huru. Bhiri iri mune yakagadziridzwa fomu rakaitwa gore rinotevera se Mental Deficiency Act ye1913. Mutemo uyu muchikamu nekuda kwevanopikisa vakaramba kuvharirwa, asi zvakaita kuti zvigoneke zviri pamutemo kupatsanura "kuremara kwepfungwa" munzvimbo dzekupotera.
Nemutemo uyu munhu anofungidzirwa kuti ibenzi kana benzi anogona kuiswa muchikoro kana pasi pekuchengetwa kana mubereki kana muchengeti akakumbira kudaro, sezvingaite munhu wechero chikamu chezvikamu zvina a) Idiots, b) Imbeciles, c) Anoshaya simba. -vanhu vane pfungwa, uye d) Moral Imbeciles, pasi pemakore makumi maviri nerimwe. Yaisanganisirawo vanhu veboka chero ripi zvaro vakasiiwa, vakaregeredzwa, vane mhosva, vari muchikoro chehurumende, vaigara vakadhakwa, kana kusakwanisa kudzidziswa.
Makumi ezviuru zvevanhu nekuda kweizvozvo akavharirwa muzvikoro. Maererano nekumwe ongororo vanhu zviuru makumi matanhatu neshanu vakaiswa mu "makoloni" kana mune mamwe marongero emasangano, pakureba kwekushanda kweUK Mental Deficiency Act ya65,000.
VaBevan Gurukota rezvehutano, vakaudza Paramende, kuti pasi peLunacy and Mental Treatment Act anopfuura 20.000 akaitwa muzvikoro mukutanga kwa1945. Uye akawedzera kuti, “Chikamu chikuru chevarwere ava chinongoda kutariswa chete. after; asi avo vanoda kurapwa vanoigamuchira kubva kuvakuru vezvokurapa vepanzvimbo iyi. "
Bhiri iri pamwe nemirau yaro yese zvaive zvakazara panguva iyo United Nations neKanzuru ye Europe yakaunza mabhiri ekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose.
Eugenics muDenmark
Mhiri kweNorth Sea, Denmark - senyika yekutanga muEurope - yakadzika mutemo weeugenics-based sterilization, semutemo wekuedza muna 1929. , vachitungamirira basa racho.
Iyo eugenic yekutenda uye pfungwa yakapfuura kupfuura yekumanikidza sterilization. Yakapesvedzera zvakawanda zvemitemo yemagariro. Mumakore ekuma1920 nema1930, apo eugenics yakava chinhu chinodiwa uye chikamu chinokosha chemuenzaniso wekusimudzira magariro evanhu muDenmark, vanyori vakawanda vakaratidza chido chokuti kunyange vanhu vasina ngozi vane pfungwa dzisina kunaka mune dzimwe nguva vanofanira kuendeswa kuchipatara chepfungwa. asylum).
Simba rinosunda iri shure kweiyi pfungwa rakanga risiri itiro hanya yomunhu oga, asi itiro hanya nokuda kwenzanga. Muchuchisi Wehurumende ane mukurumbira weDare Repamusorosoro, Otto Schlegel, akanyora munyaya iri muWeekly Journal of the Judiciary, kuti vanyori vose, kunze kwomumwe chete, vaifunga kuti, “bviro yokupinzwa muchipatara kwokumanikidzirwa inofanirawo kuva yakazarukira kusvikira kutambanuko yakati kuvanhu vanobatwa nechirwere ichi. zvimwe havana ngozi asi vasingagoni kuita chimwe chinhu kunze kwenyika, vanopenga vanonetsa vane mufambiro unotyisidzira kuparadza kana kuti kunyadzisa hama dzavo. Mafungiro ekurapa anofungidzirwawo kuti anotsigira kumanikidzwa kuchipatara mune zvimwe zviitiko. "
Saka, Danish Insanity Act ye1938 yakaunza mukana wekuchengetedza vanhu vasina njodzi vanopenga. Yakanga isiri nyaya yetsitsi kana pfungwa yekubatsira vanhu vanoshaya iyo yakatungamira kuunzwa kwechiitiko ichi mumutemo, asi pfungwa yenzanga umo zvimwe zvinhu zvakakanganisika mupfungwa uye "zvinonetsa" zvaive zvisina nzvimbo.
Eugenics mitemo isingabvumidzwe muEuropean Convention on Human Rights
Zviri muchiedza chekugamuchirwa kwakapararira kweeugenics sechikamu chakakosha chetsika yemagariro ekutonga kwevanhu kuti munhu aone kuedza kwevamiririri veUnited Kingdom, Denmark neSweden mukugadzirisa kweEuropean Convention. Kodzero Dzevanhu chirongwa chekunyora chinokurudzirwa uye chaisanganisira mutemo wekuregererwa, unopa mvumo yehurumende yekuparadzanisa uye kuvhara "vanhu vane pfungwa dzisina kusimba, vakapindwa muropa nedoro kana zvinodhaka uye vabvakure".
