Komiti yeBioethics yeKanzuru yeEurope mumakore apfuura yave ichigadzirira chimbo chitsva chepamutemo pamusoro pekushandiswa kwekumanikidza mune zvepfungwa. Chiridzwa ichi inyanzvi Protocol kuBiomedical Convention, uye chinokweva simba rayo kubva pakuwedzera kweChibvumirano ichocho. Tsvakurudzo itsva yezvinyorwa zvepakutanga zveKanzuru yeEurope yakawana kuti pamidzi yezvinyorwa zvinyorwa, iyo Komiti yeBioethics inogadzirisa Protocol pa, chinyorwa chegwaro remutemo rakagadzirwa kuti ripe mvumo Eugenics yakakonzera mitemo uye maitiro. Izvi zvinozivikanwa neKomiti, kunyangwe Sachigaro asina kuzivisa nhengo dzayo dzese nezvazvo.
Komiti kusvika parizvino yanga ichisimudzira kupedzisa Protocol yekuvhota musi wa 2 Mbudzi 2021, ichiziva kuti ichaisa nyika dzese dzeEuropean Council mugakava remutemo, sezvo Protocol iri kupokana nekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose. chibvumirano chakatenderwa nenyika 46 dze47 Council of Europe dziri nhengo. Komiti yeBioethics yakaramba ichienderera mberi ichienderera mberi Eugenics chipoko muEurope uye kuparadza kuedza kwenyika dzakawanda kugadzira kodzero dzevanhu vose.
The Protocol maringe nekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose
Komiti yeBioethics iri kushanda zvichibva pamirayiridzo kubva kubato rinoita sarudzo reKanzuru, Komiti yeMakurukota, yakataurwa maererano nezvainotaridza. Dare reMakurukota rinoshanda neruzivo nezvenyaya iyi yakakosha iyo yakataurwa nekupihwa neBioethics Committee. Yakave yakarongedzwa kubva pakutanga naAmai Laurence Lwoff, Munyori weKomiti.
Nenzira iyi Komiti yeBioethics yakakwanisa kuisa mutsara unodzivirirwa nezvematongerwo enyika kumutumbi wayo mukuru uye pasi rose, asi chaizvoizvo kushanda neimwe hurongwa.
Izvi zvakatanga sarudzo yekunyora imwe protocol isati yatorwa neKomiti yeMakurukota. Muna 2011 kuchinjana kusina kurongwa kwemaonero pamusoro pechibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose, the Mubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose Wekodzero Dzevanhu Vakaremara (CRPD), kunyanya Chisungo 14 - Rusununguko uye kuchengeteka kwemunhu, yakaitwa mukati meKomiti yeBioethics. Komiti yakafunga kuti Kanzuru yeEurope Protocol ingapokana sei neCRPD, kunyanya maererano nekurapwa nekusazvisarudzira.
Kokorodzano uye Maonero Ayo Mukuru akajeka. Komiti yeUnited Nations inoona nezvekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara zvakadaro mukutaura kuKomiti inoona nezveBioethics yakazojekesa kuti “kugadzwa kana kugadzwa vanhu vese vakaremara, kunyanya vanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa kana hwepfungwa, kusanganisira vanhu vane 'kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. ', inorambidzwa mumutemo wepasi rose nekuda kwechikamu chechina 14 cheChibvumirano, uye inomiririra kunyimwa rusununguko rwevanhu vakaremara nerusarura sezvazvinoitwa nechikonzero chekukanganiswa chaiko kana kunofungidzirwa.
Komiti yeUnited Nations yakataura zvakare kuti mapato eUnited States anofanirwa "kubvisa mitemo, mitemo uye zviga zvekutonga zvinobvumira kana kuitisa kurapwa kwekumanikidzirwa, sezvo kuri kukanganisa kunoenderera mberi kunowanikwa mumitemo yehutano hwepfungwa pasi rose, pasinei neuchapupu hunoratidza kusashanda kwayo uye maonero evanhu vanoshandisa hurongwa hwehutano hwepfungwa vakawana kurwadziwa kwakadzama uye kushungurudzika nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kurapwa. "
“Kuzvipira kusingazvitarisire kwevanhu vakaremara pazvikonzero zveutano kunopesana nekurambidzwa zvachose kwekunyimwa rusununguko pamusana pekukanganiswa (chinyorwa 14(1)(b)) uye musimboti wemvumo yakasununguka uye ine ruzivo rwemunhu ane chekuita nezveutano (Chisungo 25(XNUMX)(b)) Chinyorwa XNUMX).
- Komiti yeUnited Nations pamusoro peKodzero dzevanhu Vakaremara, Chirevo kuDare reEuropean Committee on Bioethics, rakabudiswa muDH-BIO/INF (2015) 20
The Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe somugumisiro wekuchinjana maonero mukati meKomiti pachayo yakagamuchira a Chirevo pamusoro peChibvumirano cheUnited Nations cheKodzero dzeVanhu Vakaremara munaNovember 2011. Chirevo ichi kunyange chichiita sechine chekuita neCRPD chine musoro chete chinongofunga nezveChibvumirano cheKomiti pachayo, uye bhuku rayo rekuongorora - European Convention on Human Rights.
Chirevo ichi chinoburitsa kuti Komiti yakafunga nezveChibvumirano cheUnited Nations chekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara, kunyanya kana zvinyorwa 14, 15 ne17 zvaienderana "nemukana wekuisa mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu munhu ane chirwere chepfungwa chakakomba. kuiswa pasina kuzvidira kana kurapwa kusingaite, sezvakaonekwa mune mamwe yenyika uye zvinyorwa zvepasi rose. "
Kuenzanisa zvinyorwa pachinhu chakakosha mukutaura kweKomiti yeBioethics:
Chirevo pamusoro peCRPD: "Kurapwa nekusazvidira kana kuiswa kunogona kungoruramiswa, zvine chekuita nazvo kusagadzikana kwepfungwa kwechimiro chakakomba, kana kubva ku kusavapo kwekurapa kana kuiswa kukuvadzwa kwakakomba kungangoguma noutano hwomunhu kana kuti kune wechitatu.”
Chibvumirano cheKodzero dzevanhu uye Biomedicine, Chisungo chechinomwe: "Zvichienderana nemamiriro ekudzivirira anotemerwa nemutemo, anosanganisira maneja, kutonga uye maitiro ekukwidza, munhu ane kusagadzikana kwepfungwa kwechimiro chakakomba anogona kuiswa, pasina mvumo yake, kupindira kune chinangwa chekurapa chirwere chake chepfungwa chete apo, pasina kurapwa kwakadaro, kukuvadzwa kwakakomba kungangokonzera kuutano hwake. "
Nezvizvi zviri panzvimbo iyo Komiti yeBioethics inogona kuenderera mberi nekugadzira chishandiso chitsva chemutemo, zvichiita kuti zviite senge zvinoenderana nekodzero dzevanhu dzepasirese, uko nyika dzeKanzuru dzakasungwa. Komiti yakawana basa idzva ra2012 na2013 rinosanganisira basa rekugadzirira gwaro repamutemo "rine kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu vane dambudziko repfungwa maererano nekurapwa nekuiswa panzvimbo."
Paramende yeParamende inetseka uye kurudziro yekubvisa protocol
Kunyange zvazvo basa iri reKomiti rakanga risiri pachena, rakawanikwa uye pa 1st yaOctober 2013 Komiti yeSocial Affairs, Health and Sustainable Development yeParamende yeParamende yeDare reEurope Motion yekurudziro zvine chekuita nekutsanangurwa kweichi chiridzwa chemutemo chitsva.
Dare reParamende muchikumbiro ichi rakataura nezveCRPD, kuti "Nhasi, ndiyo musimboti wekuiswa nekuzvidira uye kurapwa kwevanhu vakaremara mupfungwa zviri kupikiswa. Gungano rinoonawo kuti kunyangwe vimbiso dzakasimbiswa, kugadzwa nekurapwa nekusazvidira kune mukana wekushungurudzwa uye kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye vanhu vari pasi pematanho akadaro vanotaura zviitiko zvisina kunaka. "
Chikumbiro cheParliamentary Committee chakaita kuti nyaya iyi iongororwe zvakadzama zvakazoita kuti a mushumo wekomiti "Mhosva yakanangana neDare reEuropean chiridzwa chepamutemo pamatanho akasarudzika mukurapa kwepfungwa" yakagamuchirwa muna Kurume 2016. Kubva pane izvi kwakauya a Nyaya kuKomiti yeMakurukota vachiona kuti Paramende yeParamende inonzwisisa zvinonetsa zvakaita kuti Komiti yeBioethics ishande panyaya iyi, asi zvakare kuti ine "kusahadzika kwakanyanya pamusoro pekukosha kwakawedzerwa kwechishandiso chitsva chepamutemo mundima iyi."
Gungano rakawedzera kuti "kunyanya kunetseka nezveramangwana rekuwedzera protocol kune chekuita nemubvunzo wakatonyanya kukosha: wekuenderana kwayo neUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)."
Gungano rakagumisa kuti "chero chiridzwa chepamutemo chinochengetedza hukama pakati pezviyero zvekusazvidira nekuremara zvichave zvine rusarura nekudaro kutyora CRPD. Inocherekedza kuti gwaro rekuwedzera reprotocol rinochengeta chinongedzo chakadaro, sekuve ne'chirwere chepfungwa' chinoumba hwaro hwekurapwa nekuzvimiririra, pamwe nemamwe maitiro. "
Gungano rakapera nekurudziro yekuti Komiti yeVashandi varaire Komiti yeBioethics "kubvisa chirevo chekuwedzera imwe protocol ine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye chiremerera chevanhu vane dambudziko repfungwa maererano nekuiswa kwavo nekuzvidira uye kurapwa kusingaite. ”
Ongororo yeParamende iyi uye Kurudziro yakafungawo mhinduro dzedare revanhu, rakange raitika muna 2015. Kunzwa uku kwakakonzera nyevero dzakajeka kana mhinduro dzakapokana neDraft Additional Protocol kubva kuna Commissioner on Human Rights weCouncil of Europe, European Union's Agency. yekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara (FRA), Komiti yeUnited Nations inoona nezvekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara (CRPD), United Nations Special Reporter on the Rights of People with Disabilities, United Nations’ Special Reporter pamusoro pekodzero yemunhu wese kuti awane mafaro. chiyero chepamusoro chinogoneka chehutano hwemuviri nepfungwa, uye nhevedzano yevanobatanidzwa kusanganisira yakakosha masangano evarwere.
Mhinduro yeBioethics Committee
Nhungamiro yebasa paProtocol itsva haina kuchinja zvakanyanya. Komiti yakabvumira vatori vechikamu kupinda misangano yayo uye yakatumira ruzivo rwebasa pawebhusaiti yayo. Asi kutungamira mukuona kukuru hakuna kuchinja.
Komiti iri pawebhusaiti yayo yakazivisa, kuti chinangwa cheProtocol nyowani iyi kugadzira, kekutanga muchimbo chinosunga zviri pamutemo, zvisungo zveChikamu 7 cheConvention on Human Rights uye Biomedicine, pamwe chete neaya eChikamu 5 § 1 (e) yeEuropean Convention on Human Rights. Chibvumirano ichi chine chinangwa chekuburitsa vimbiso dzakakosha maererano nemukana wakasarudzika wekukanganisa kodzero dzerusununguko uye kuzvitonga kwevanhu.
Zvinyorwa zvinonongedza pakutsanangurwa kweChibvumirano chacho zvakanyatsocherechedzwa seConvention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, uye European Convention on Human Rights. Iyo Yekutanga Yekuwedzera Protocol inozvitaura, uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinotaurwa zvinozvicherechedza, kusanganisira iyo Council of Europe Bioethics. peji rewebhu paMental health, Hwaro hweBasa uye Chinangwa chekuwedzera Protocol maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye chiremerera chevanhu vane dambudziko repfungwa.
Komiti yakawedzera chikamu pairi webpage kuti, “Basa rinoitwawo maererano neUnited Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (onawo Chirevo chakagamuchirwa neCDBI), nemamwe mashandisirwo emutemo akakodzera anogamuchirwa padanho repasi rose.” Chirevo chinotaurwa nezvacho chirevo chiri paCRPD ye2011 chakagadzirirwa kuita kuti vaverengi vatende kuti Komiti yaizotora CRPD mukutarisisa, asi ichokwadi yanga ichiregeredza zvachose uye mweya waunofanirwa kunzwisiswa nekushandiswa nawo. . Komiti iri papeji rayo rewebhu kusvika panguva ino yakatumira maonero eichi chirevo che2011 nechinangwa chinoratidzika chekutsausa chero munhu ane hanya anoenda pawebhusaiti yeKanzuru yeEurope kuti azive kuti izvi ndezvei.
Root maonero eProtocol
Manongedzero eChibvumirano icho Komiti inoona nezveBioethics inoshanda pachiri iChikamu 7 cheConvention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, icho chinovawo tsanangudzo yeChikamu 5 § 1 (e) cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights.
European Convention on Human Rights yakanyorwa muna 1949 na1950. Muchikamu chayo chekodzero yerusununguko uye kuchengeteka kwevanhu, Chikamu 5 § 1 (e), chinoti kunze kwe“vanhu vane pfungwa dzisina kugadzikana, zvidhakwa kana kuti vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka kana vagrant.” Kusarudzwa kwevanhu vanoonekwa sekukanganiswa nemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kana emunhu, kana kusiyana kwemaonero kunobva mukusarura kwakapararira kwechikamu chekutanga chema1900.
Kusarudzika kwakagadzirwa nemumiriri weUnited Kingdom, Denmark neSweden, inotungamirwa nemaBritish. Zvakanga zvichibva pakunetsekana kuti magwaro ekodzero dzevanhu akanyorwa panguva iyoyo akatsvaga kushandisa Universal kodzero dzevanhu dzinosanganisira vanhu vane dambudziko repfungwa (psychosocial disabilities), iyo yaipesana nemutemo uye magariro evanhu munyika idzi. Vese maBritish, Denmark neSweden vaive vatsigiri vakasimba veeugenics panguva iyoyo, uye vaive vaita misimboti nemaonero akadaro mumutemo nekuita.
Kutariswa kwevanhu vane "pfungwa dzisina musoro" kwaifambiswa neBritish, iyo yakanga yatora mutemo muna 1890 uye yakatsanangurwa zvakare neMental Deficiency Act ye1913, iyo yekutanga nzira yekuparadzanisa "kuremara kwepfungwa" munzvimbo dzekupotera.
Iyo Mental Deficiency Act yakanga yataurwa uye yakasundidzirwa neEugenicists. Pakukwirira kwekushanda kweUK Mental Deficiency Act, vanhu ve65,000 vakaiswa mu "makoloni" kana mune mamwe masangano emasangano. MuDenmark neSweden maive nemirairo yeugenic yakadzikwa mukati ma1930s, muDenmark yainyatso bvumidza kubvisirwa rusununguko rwevanhu vasina njodzi mupfungwa.
Zviri muchiedza chekugamuchirwa kwakapararira kweeugenics sechikamu chakakosha chetsika yemagariro ekutonga kwevanhu kuti munhu aone kuedza kwevamiririri veUnited Kingdom, Denmark neSweden muEuropean Convention yeHuman Rights kunyora hurongwa. nokuda kwemvumo yehurumende yekuparadzanisa uye kuvhara uye kubvisa kubva munzanga "vanhu vane pfungwa dzisina kugadzikana, zvidhakwa kana zvinodhaka uye vagrants".
“Sezvinoita chibvumirano cheOviedo Convention, zvinofanirwa kubvumwa kuti European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) chishandiso chakatanga muna 1950 uye magwaro eECHR anoratidza kuregeredzwa uye maitiro echinyakare ane chekuita nekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara. . Uyezve, munyaya dzine chekuita nekuvharirwa kwehutano hwepfungwa, chinyorwa cha1950 chinobvumira kunyimwa rusununguko pamusana pe'pfungwa dzisina kugadzikana' (Chinyorwa 5(1)(e)). Kunyange zvazvo ECHR ichinzi ‘chishandiso chipenyu…chinofanira kududzirwa maererano nemamiriro ezvinhu emazuva ano’.”
– Ms. Catalina Devandas-Aguilar, UN Special Mutori wenhau pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara
Maonero ari pasi peiyo protocol yekuwedzera kuChibvumirano cheHuman Rights neBiomedicine nekudaro - kunyangwe ichiita senge iine chinangwa chekuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu - muchokwadi iri kuenderera mberi nerusarura rwakasvibiswa nemisimboti eugenic, kunyangwe mazwi chaiwo anoshandiswa. Hakusi kusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu; chokwadi, inopesana nekurambidzwa zvachose kwekunyimwa rusununguko pamusana pekukanganiswa sezvakarongwa neUnited Nations Committee yekodzero dzevanhu vane hurema.
