Musoro weUnited Nations muNew York wakaitisa International Mock Trial on Human Rights sechikamu cheKurangarira kweHolocaust muna 2023 pasi peUN Outreach Programme on the Holocaust. Mudare rinofungidzirwa, vadzidzi 32 vane makore ari pakati pe15 ne22, vanobva kunyika gumi, vanobvunzurudza vanonzi baba veNazi Racial Hygiene, muNazi anoshingaira Ernst Rüdin (munhu wake akaratidzwa nomutambi). Chiremba wepfungwa, geneticist, uye eugenist, Rüdin ndiye aikonzera kutambura kusingatauriki uye rufu mukati me1930s uye 40s. Pakutongwa kwaiva nekodzero yokuti avo vari mungozi zvikuru vadzivirirwe pakukuvadzwa; basa reutungamiri; uye nzvimbo yetsika mukati mesainzi.
Boka revatongi vatatu veInternational Mock Trial raive nevatongi vakatanhamara uye vakapupurirwa vane ruzivo rwepamusoro-soro.
Mutongi anotungamira, Mutongi anoremekedzwa Angelika Nussberger purofesa wemutemo wekuGermany aive mutongi mukuremekedza Germany kuEuropean Court of Human Rights kubva 1 Ndira 2011 kusvika 31 Zvita 2019; kubva muna 2017 kusvika 2019 aive Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weDare.
Mutongi anoremekedzwa Silvia Alejandra Fernández de Gurmendi igweta rekuArgentina, mumiriri uye mutongi. Anga ari mutongi kuInternational Criminal Court (ICC) kubva 20 Ndira 2010 uye Mutungamiriri weICC kubva Kurume 2015 kusvika Kurume 2018. Muna 2020 akasarudzwa kushanda seMutungamiriri weAssembly of States Parties to Rome Statute of the International. Dare reCriminal Dare remakumi maviri kusvika makumi maviri nemaviri (2021-2023).
Uye Mutongi anoremekedzwa Elyakim Rubinstein, aimbova Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weDare Repamusorosoro reIsrael. Prof. Elyakim Rubinstein anga ariwo mumiriri weIsrael uye mushandi wehurumende kwenguva yakareba, akashanda seAttorney General weIsrael kubva 1997 kusvika 2004.
Kupomerwa mhosva: MuDare Repamusorosoro reMarudzi Evanhu:
Nyaya nhamba. 001-2022
Muchuchisi: Chivanhu
Mudziviriri: Purofesa Ernst Rüdin, mugari wenyika mbiri weSwitzerland neGermany
Nechinangwa chekutongwa uku, dare rinoremekedzwa rinokumbirwa kuti ripe mutongo unozivisa kuti mupomerwi ane mutoro wakananga kana usina kunanga, sezviri pamutemo tsananguro yemukuru asiri wemauto kana anozivikanwa se "Co-Perpettor", zvinotevera kana kusiiwa:
1. Kukurudzira Mhosva Dzevanhu dzekuponda, kuparadzwa, kurwadziswa nekutambudza maringe nezviri muzvinyorwa 7(1)(a), 7(1)(b), 7(1)(f), 7(1)(g) uye 7(1)(h) kuMutemo weRoma, pamwe chete neChinyorwa 6(c) kubva muna 1945;
2. Kukurudzira Kupondwa kweGenocide maererano neChikamu chechitanhatu cheStatue of Rome pamwe neChikamu 6(c) cheChibvumirano cheKudzivirira uye Kuranga Mhosva yeKupondwa kwevanhu kubva muna 3;
3. Kukurudzira pamwe nekukonzera mhosva yakananga kurudzi rwevanhu maererano neChinyorwa 7(1)(g) cheMutemo weRoma pamwe neZvikamu 7, 17(1).
4. Kuva nhengo muMasangano Ematsotsi sezviri paZvikamu 9 ne10 kuNuremberg Principles.
Kutevera maawa akawanda ekuenderera mberi kwe International Mock Trial on Human Rights, iyo vapomeri vemhosva nevanodzivirira vakapa ufakazi, zvapupu nenharo dzazvo, Vatongi vakakurukurirana, uye ipapo vakapa chisarudzo chakabvumiranwa. Mutongi wega wega akapa sarudzo yake uye kufunga:
Anoremekedzwa Mutongi Angelika Nussberger:
“Regai nditange nekutsanangura muchidimbu kuti sei nyaya iyi yakakosha. Ndinoda kuratidza zvinhu zvishanu.
Kutanga, nyaya yacho inoenzanisira miuyo ine ngwavaira yomufungo apo munhu nechiremera chake nemugumo hazvina basa. MuGermany yeNazi, sirogani yeparagandistic yaive "Iwe hausi chinhu, vanhu vako zvinhu zvese". Mhosva yacho inoratidza kuti pfungwa yakadaro inogona kutungamirira kupi. Haisi munguva yakapfuura chete, asiwo munguva ino kuti mafungiro akadaro aripo, kunyange kana Nazi Germany yaiva muenzaniso wakaipisisa. Ndicho chikonzero kusakanganiswa kwechiremerera chemunhu wega wega kunofanirwa kunge kuri kwekutanga kwese kuongororwa kwemutemo.
Chechipiri, iyo nyaya inoratidza chena collar mhosva yemhosva, zvakanyanya, basa revasayendisiti. Ivo havagone kuita mushongwe yenyanga dzenzou vonyepedzera kunge vasina mhosva yemhedzisiro yekutsvagisa kwavo, dzidziso, uye zvavakawana.
Chechitatu, kusamhan’ara kwemunhu anenge apara mhosva dzakaipisisa kusaruramisira kunonzwikwa zvinorwadza kunyange nezvizvarwa zvinotevera, zvokuti kunofanira kugadziriswa. Kunyange kana ruramisiro ikasagona kuitwazve, kunofanira kujekeswa kuti ruramisiro yaizoda kuitwa sei.
Chekutanga, kunyangwe kana mhosva ikaparwa nevakawanda uye munyika dzakawanda, ichiri mhosva.
Uye yechishanu, ichokwadi kuti hunhu nekutenda zvinoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva. Zvakadaro, kune hunhu hunokosha hwakaita sechiremerera chemunhu uye kodzero yehupenyu uye nekuvimbika kwenyama izvo hazvifanirwe kupokana.
“Zvino, regai ndiuye kuzoongorora nyaya yaVaRüdin maererano nemutemo wenyika dzepasi rose.
The Prosecution is "Humanity", saka nyaya yacho haina kugadziriswa munguva nenzvimbo. Icho chinhu chinokosha.
The Prosecution yaunza Mhosva mhosva pasi peMhosva Statute yeRoma, pasi pe Gungano reGenocide uye pasi pe Statute yeInternational Military Tribunal yeNuremberg. Iyi mitemo yakanga isati yavapo panguva iyo - maererano neMuchuchisi - Mudziviriri akaita mhosva dzake, kureva, pamberi pe1945. Nheyo ye "nullum crimen sine lege" ("hapana mhosva pasina mutemo") inogona kuonekwa se chikamu chenheyo dzinozivikanwa pasi rose dzemutemo. Asi musimboti uyu unobvumira kutongwa uye kurangwa kwakavakirwa pamisimboti yemutemo inocherechedzwa nenyika dzakabudirira. Saka, Statute yeRome, Genocide Convention uye Statute yeInternational Military Tribunal yeNuremberg inoshanda kana vachiratidzira misimboti yemutemo inoshanda kare 1945 isati yasvika.
Mhosva yekutanga inopomerwa Mhosva ndeyekukurudzira mhosva dzekuuraya, kuparadza, kutambudza uye kutambudza boka rinozivikanwa kana kuunganidzwa, pano vanhu vakaremara. Zvave zvichinyatsoratidzwa neMuchuchisi kuti Mhosva akaita nemaune - zvichibva pakutenda kwakadzama - mukutsigira euthanasia uye chirongwa chekudzivirira chehurumende yeNazi muzvinyorwa zvake uye mukutaura kwake uye zviziviso. Pakanga pane hukama hwakananga pakati pekutsvagisa kwake uye zvirevo zveveruzhinji uye kugadzwa kwezvirongwa zvinoenderana nedzidziso idzodzo. Iyo euthanasia uye chirongwa chesterilization chinosanganisira zviito zvehutsotsi zvekuponda, kuparadza, kurwadzisa, uye kutambudza boka rinozivikanwa. Saizvozvo, ndinoona kuti Mhosva anofanirwa kupihwa mhosva maererano nemhosva yekutanga.
Mhosva yechipiri inopomerwa Mhosva ndeyekukurudzira kuuraya rudzi. Maererano neGenocide Convention pamwe neRome Statute genocide inofanira kuitwa nechinangwa chokuparadza, rose kana kuti chikamu, boka renyika, dzinza, rudzi kana chitendero. Zvisinei, haina hukama nevanhu vakaremara. Nekudaro, hazvigone kupokana kuti 1945 isati yasvika kana kunyangwe mushure maive nemusimboti wemutemo unozivikanwa nenyika dzakabudirira unozivisa zviito zvakaitirwa vanhu vakaremara se "kuuraya rudzi". Saizvozvo, ari kupomerwa haawanikwe aine mhosva yekukonzera kuuraya rudzi uye anotofanira kusunungurwa pasi pemhosva yechipiri.
Mhosva yechitatu inopomerwa Mhosva ndeyekukurudzira pamwe nekukonzera mhosva yakanangana nekuuraya vanhu. Sterilization inofanira kuonekwa sechiito chekutambudza. Saka, izvo zvataurwa pasi pemhosva nhamba yekutanga zvinoshandawo pano. Saizvozvo, ndinoona kuti Mhosva anofanirawo kuva nemhosva maererano nemhosva yechitatu.
Mhosva yechina inhengo yesangano rematsotsi reSangano reGerman Neurologists uye Psychiatrists. Iri sangano raive, sezvakaratidzwa neMuchuchisi, ane mutoro wekuitwa kwechirongwa cheEuthanasia. Naizvozvo, ndinoona kuti Mupomerwi anofanirawo kupiwa mhosva pamhosva yechina.”
Anoremekedzwa Mutongi Silvia Fernandez de Gurmendi:
“Ndisati ndapa ongororo yangu pamusoro pemhosva dzakaparwa munyaya yatiri kutongwa pano, ndinoda kukorokotedza mativi ose nevatori vechikamu nemharidzo dzavo, mese mabatsira zvikuru kuti tinzwisise zviri nani mamiriro ezvinhu uye pfungwa dzakakwira kuita hutsinye uye pakupedzisira. zvakatungamirira kuHolocaust.
Ndanyatsoteerera kupokana kwose, ndine chokwadi chokuti VaErnst Rüdin vane mhosva pamhosva dzose, kunze kwemhosva yokukurudzira kuuraya rudzi, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvandichawedzera.
Ndinoda kutarisa muchidimbu pane nharo nhatu dzakakosha dzakasimudzwa neDefence.
Kutanga, maererano nekudzivirira, Ernst Rüdin, uyo akafa makore 70 apfuura, haagoni kutongwa kuburikidza nelens yemitemo yedu yemazuva ano uye tsika.
Chokwadi, musimboti wezvemutemo unoda kuti titonge Mr Rüdin maererano nemutemo uye hunhu hwaishandiswa pairi ake nguva, kwete yedu.
Zvakadaro, neumboo hwakapihwa, kusanganisira mhirizhonga yeveruzhinji yakakonzerwa nekupondwa kwevanhu pavakazozivikanwa, ndine chokwadi chekuti zvaakaita zvakange zvisiri pamutemo kana kutambirwa panguva yavakatumwa.
Ichokwadi kuti dzidziso dzakareverwa nemupomerwi hadzina kutangwa naye uye dzakatsigirwawo mune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira muno muUnited States, uko nyika zhinji dzakanga dzadzika mitemo yokubereka vana.
Nekudaro, mhosva yaVaRüdin haina kubva padzidziso dzaakatsigira chete, asi, pane zviito zvekongiri zvavakasimudzira kuti vaone kuita kwavo kwakanyanya. Izvi zvakapfuura zvakanyanya kuvharirwa, zvichikonzera kufa kwemazana ezviuru uye pakupedzisira zvakagadzira nzira inoenda kuHolocaust.
Seti yechipiri yenharo. Mupomeri haagone kuve nemhosva yekupara mhosva nekuti aive asina chinzvimbo chepamutemo.
Nekudaro, ini handigone kubvumirana neiyi nharo, Dare reNuremberg rakatongerwa uye kutongerwa rufu Julius Streicher, muridzi wepepanhau Der Sturmer, nokuda kwokubatanidzwa kwake muparadziro yeNazi mukurwisana navaJudha, kunyange zvazvo akanga asina nzvimbo ipi neipi yokutarisira kana kuti kukuvadza munhu upi noupi zvakananga.
Mr Rüdin vanga vasiri chikamu chemidziyo yenyika, asi vakashandisa hutungamiriri zvine chekuita nendima yese yePsychiatry uye Racial Hygiene. Sosaiti yeGerman Neurologists uye Psychiatrists, iyo yaakatungamira, yakave iyo pachayo sangano rematsotsi sezvo dzinenge nhengo dzese uye manejimendi bhodhi vaibatanidzwa zvakananga mukuurayiwa kwekumanikidzwa kubereka uye iyo inonzi "euthanasia" chirongwa.
Yetatu seti yenharo. Maitiro emupomerwi haakodzeri kukurudzira kuurayiwa kwevanhu nekuti "vakaremara" harisi rimwe remapoka anosanganisirwa mutsanangudzo inoshanda yekuuraya rudzi.
Ndinotenda kuti izvi ndezvechokwadi, sezvatotaurwa pano nemutongi anotungamira Nussberger. Kurwiswa chete kuparadza mapoka emarudzi, madzinza, dzinza, kana zvitendero ndiko kungaumba kuuraya rudzi pasi pemutemo uripo. Zvakare zvichibva pamusimboti wemutemo, kuwedzera kwemutemo uyu hakugone kuitwa nevatongi asi kunoda kuvandudzwa kweMutemo weRome. Naizvozvo hazvishandi kune anopomerwa.
Vatori vechikamu vane mukurumbira, kutongwa kwanhasi kunoratidza nzira ine ngozi inotsvedza iyo kutanga nerusarura, kunyangwe nechimiro chefungidziro, inogona kukwira kusvika kumhosva dzakaipa. Chokwadi, kuparadza rudzi hakuitiki kamwe kamwe. Ndiwo magumo emuitiro wakareba, unogona kutanga nemashoko, mashoko eruvengo, kana, sepanyaya ino, dzidziso dzenhema dzesainzi kururamisa rusarura rweboka.
Tichifunga zvatadzidza nhasi, zvava kwauri kuona mikaha ipi neipi iripo mumutemo wenyika kana wepasi rose uye kutsvaga kusimudzira mimwe mipimo sezvingave zvichidikanwa kudzivirira uye kurangwa nenzira inobudirira chero ipi zvayo yerusaruro kana kusashivirira. "
Anoremekedzwa Mutongi Elyakim Rubinstein:
“Zvinoshamisa uye zvinoodza mwoyo kuti Ernst Rüdin akanzvenga mhosva munguva yapashure peNazi, uye akakwanisa kugumisa upenyu hwake murugare. Zvakaitika sei? Kuverenga humbowo hunokatyamadza kunopa mubvunzo uyu, zvechokwadi kunodaidzira mubvunzo.
Uye handisi kuzodzokorora zvikonzero zvepamutemo zvakaunzwa nevandinoshanda navo vanoremekedzwa. The Holocaust yaiva mhosva huru yeNazi. Ikoko hakurevi kuti murangariro wakaipa worudzi hauna kubereka mumwe muchero wakaora, ungave wakatungamirira kuShoah, sezvambodudzwa. Euthanasia uye mhosva dzakabatanidzwa zvakare, kusanganisira humbowo hwe "kumanikidzwa kuberekwa kwevanhu 400,000" uye "kuurayiwa kwakarongwa kwevanhu 300,000 kusanganisira vana 10,000, vakanzi 'vane pfungwa dzisina simba' kana kuti vanorwara nepfungwa kana kuremara ", yaisanganisira chikamu uye kushandiswa kwedzidziso iyoyo, iyo mupomerwi ainyanya kukonzeresa. Iko hakuna kurambwa kwechokwadi kweiyo, inotsigirwa nemagwaro uye kwete kunyange nekutaura kweanopomerwa.
Uye pamusoro pazvo kune mutsetse unotsvedza: izvo zvakatanga ne euthanasia zvakawedzera kuita mufananidzo wakasviba - kuponda kwakarongwa kwemamiriyoni matanhatu emaJuda nevamwe vazhinji: Roma (Gypsies) nemamwe mapoka evanhu. Kunyanya munguva yekuvandudzwa kweantisemitism ibasa redu rinoera kurangarira uye kusakanganwa. Uye kutongwa kwekunyomba uku chiyeuchidzo chakanaka pamusoro pekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu uku.
Mupomerwi anopokana nezve eugenics uye sterilization kuti zviito zvakadaro zvaigamuchirwa munyika dzakasiyana panguva yeNazi. Mushure mekudzidza humbowo, ndinotenda kuti izvi zvakasiyana mune dzidziso uye maitiro. Pano isu tinobata nehurongwa hukuru hwekuuraya, chero "sainzi" yekurongedza uye theorizing yakashandiswa. Zvakaoma kwazvo, hazvigamuchirwi, kuzvienzanisa neAmerican kesi, kunyangwe zvakaipa uye zvinokatyamadza senge. Buck v. Bell. Inomira yega, semuUnited States, nepo zviito zvinosuwisa uye zvisingagamuchirwi zvachose zvakaitika, hazvina kumbobvira zvaita "hurongwa hwekuuraya vanhu vazhinji" hwekuparadza.
Ini ndinobvumirana nevandinoshanda navo vaviri uye maonero avo akanyorwa zvakanaka. Pfungwa huru inosiyanisa Rüdin nemutemo wake kubva kune dzimwe nyika uye vanachiremba vadzo yaiva shanduro yedzidziso mukushandiswa kwehuwandu, nzira inoenda kuHolocaust. Zvechokwadi, akanga asina nzvimbo yepamutemo, asi aive ne "zvisina kunanga" kubatanidzwa, nekudzidzisa vanachiremba nevamwe kuti vashandise mhosva dzakaratidzwa iye nevamwe vake muSosaiti yeGermany Neurologists uye Psychiatrists, vazhinji vavo vakaita "chaiyo" basa. Uye ndinobvuma kuti chibvumirano chekuuraya rudzi, chakatangwa nemupoteri wechiJudha kubva kuPoland, Raphael Lemkin, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvepamutemo zvekududzirwa kweChitemo cheRoma, haifaniri kuva chikamu chekutongerwa mumaziso emutemo wemhosva unoomerera pane mutemo wepamutemo.
Ndakambotaura, nyaya yokutongwa uku, uye nhoroondo yaRüdin nepesvedzero yake yakaipa, maererano nemafungiro uye zvingangoita chikamu chenguva yeNazi, iyo yakazopedzisira yava Kuparadza Kukuru.
Mune iyi chaiyo nyaya yeRüdin, maGerman aive chikamu chikuru chevakabatwa. Shoah, hongu, yaisanganisira zvakanyanya nevaJudha vakaurayiwa. Hunhu hwakaita rwendo rurefu kubva 1945, mumutemo wepasi rese uye wepamba weZvibvumirano neMitemo.
Uye ndinoda kutaura tariro uye vandinoshanda navo vaviri kutaura idi, vanomiririra [kuburikidza] nezvinzvimbo zvavo zvekare sevatongi munhamburiko yenyika yose yekodzero dzevanhu uye nokuda kwemhosva dzevapari vemhosva. Ndinoda kutaura tariro yokuti mhosva dzakadai sedzaRüdin hadzigoni kuitika nhasi. Nehurombo, handina chokwadi. Kune kwakaipa kunotsvedza; unotanga nedanho ringaite serisina mhosva, kunyange resainzi. Unoguma nemamiriyoni evanhu aparadzwa.
Kuwedzera kwekupokana kwete kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu kuri pachena. Inofanirwa kurwiswa nenzira dzese dzepamutemo - dzeruzhinji, dzezvematongerwo enyika uye dzekutonga.
“Muyedzo uyu hausi wekutsiva, uri mumaoko aMwari. Asi tinogona kutaura nezvekutsiva kwakanaka. Zvizvarwa zvitsva zvakamuka kubva mumadota eShoah, avo vakapukunyuka avo zvino vane vazukuru-vakuru uye vamwe vavo vari chikamu cheboka pano.
Ndataura izvozvo, ndichiri netarisiro yekuti pese pane vapari vemhosva pasi pemutemo wenyika dzepasi rose, mazuva ano pachave nekuedza kusimudzira mutemo. Matare achamira kupikisa.
Pakupedzisira, pfungwa yekuitisa chiitiko ichi chekunyomba yaive yechokwadi. Mabhenefiti edzidzo akakosha zvikuru uye anotsanangura. Tese tinofanirwa kurwisa zviitiko zverusaruraganda, zvekunze kana zvemumba, tiine ziso remangwana. "
