Utshixiwe, kutheni? Wayehluthwe inkululeko yakhe ngenxa nje yokuba wayebhidekile yaye wayedlale umculo ongxolayo ngorhatya. Ummelwane wafowunela amapolisa, awafumanisa ukuba ikhaya lakhe limdaka laza lacela ukuba axilongwe. Wayengenangqondo, kwaye wayengakholelwa ukuba ufuna uncedo lobuchwephesha. Wayeyazi kakuhle into enokwenzeka, wayevalelwe kwigumbi labagula ngengqondo kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Nangona kunjalo wasiwa kwisibhedlele sabagula ngengqondo apho wavalelwa emva kweyure.
Wayengenzanga naluphi na ulwaphulo-mthetho, wayengazibulalanga kwaye engenabungozi nakubani na. Eli bhinqa lineminyaka engama-45 ubudala lalisaziwa zizihlobo zalo njengoMkristu onoxolo nokhutheleyo kwindawo yalo. Kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ubomi bakhe buye baxakeke kwaye oku kwakunjalo apha. Wayesazi ukuba ufuna ukuphumla kwaye wayeya kwiholide, kwaye wayedlala umculo ngelixa epakishela uhambo lwakhe ngosuku olulandelayo. Ingqondo yakhe yayikwenye indawo xa amapolisa akhala intsimbi okwesibini ngobo busuku. Khange akwazi ukuyichaza aphele evalelwe kwigumbi labagula ngengqondo.
Eli bali lingasentla lisenokungaqheleki eDenmark, njengoko besanda abantu abavalelwe kwiiwadi zabagula ngengqondo. Kwaye ayenzeki kuphela kwizikrelemnqa eziyingozi, yenzeka kwinani elibanzi labantu. Ngaphandle komthetho othintelayo, imigaqo yokukhusela ecacileyo, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo ocacileyo wokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kunyango lwengqondo, kulo nyaka uphelileyo wabona elona nani liphezulu labantu bahluthwa inkululeko yabo kunyango lwengqondo. Kwaye iye yanda ngokuthe ngcembe iminyaka.
Umthetho weNgqondo
Kukho iindlela ezininzi umntu anokuthi ahluthwe inkululeko yakhe kwi-psychiatry eDenmark. Iimeko, iinqobo zokugweba kunye nezikhuselo ngokuchasene nokuphathwa gadalala zichazwe kumthetho okhethekileyo, uMthetho weNgqondo. Ukuchithwa kwenkululeko kunye nokusetyenziswa kokunyanzeliswa okanye ukunyanzeliswa kunokusetyenziswa xa kungenakwenzeka ukufumana intsebenziswano yokuzithandela yomntu kwaye ukungenelela kuthathwa njengokuhambelana neyona ndlela incinci yomgaqo [ukungenelela okuncinci].
Umthetho ufuna ukuba umntu angakwazi kwaye kufuneka avalelwe ukuba ufuna unyango, akayi kuvuma ngokuzithandela ukwamkelwa kwaye le miqathango ilandelayo iyafezekiswa:
- umntu uphambene okanye kwimeko ehambelana nokuphambana kunye
- Akukho ngqiqweni ukungamvaleli umntu ukuze kunikwe unyango kuba: (a) Ithemba lokuchacha okanye ukuphucuka okubalulekileyo noluqinisekileyo kwesi sigulo lunokonakala kakhulu; okanye (b) Umntu ubeka ingozi ekufutshane nebonakalayo kuye okanye kwabanye.
Akukho tyala lenkundla liza kubanjwa ukuze kuhluthwe inkululeko ibe semthethweni. Inokuphunyezwa xa ugqirha wengqondo eqinisekisile ukuba ngokoluvo lwakhe unyango akholelwa ukuba unokulunika luyimfuneko. Umntu ophantsi kwakhe angakhalaza, kodwa oku akuthinteli ukuphunyezwa kokuhluthwa inkululeko.
Oku kukhokelele ekukhuleni kokusetyenziswa koku kuthetha ukuba kuvalelwa amawaka abantu minyaka le.
3 izibalo kwizibophelelo ngokuzenzekela
Eugenics
Ithuba lokujolisa kuluhlu olubanzi lwabantu ngongenelelo olunzulu - ukuhluthwa inkululeko - luneengcambu zayo kwi-1920 kunye ne-1930s, xa i-eugenics yaba yinto efunekayo kunye nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yemodeli yophuhliso lwentlalo eDenmark. Ngelo xesha baya besanda ababhali abavakalisa umnqweno wokuba kwanabangeyongozi “abanxaxhayo” banokungeniswa ngenkani kwiziko labagula ngengqondo.
Amandla aqhuba le ngcamango yayingeyonkxalabo yomntu, kodwa inkxalabo yoluntu okanye intsapho. Umbono woluntu apho izinto "ezinxaxhileyo" kunye "nezinkathazo" zingenandawo.
Ngokomtshutshisi woluntu waseDanish owayesakuba kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, Otto Schlegel, kwinqaku leDanish Weekly Journal of the Judiciary, bonke ababhali, ngaphandle komnye, babecinga ukuba “ukuba nokwenzeka kokulaliswa esibhedlele okunyanzelekileyo nako kufanele kuvuleke ukusa kumlinganiselo othile kubantu ekusenokwenzeka ukuba bangeyongozi kodwa abangenako ukwenza izinto kwihlabathi langaphandle, igeza eliziinkathazo elindlela yokuziphatha isongela ukutshabalalisa okanye ukuhlazisa izalamane zabo. Iingcamango zonyango ziye zacingelwa ukuba zithethelela ukulaliswa esibhedlele okusisinyanzelo kwiimeko ezithile. "
Ngaloo ndlela, uMthetho weDanish Insanity Act wowe-1938 wazisa ithuba lokuba kuvalelwe abantu abangenabungozi. Ingcamango yokuqhuba emva kombono wokuhlutha lowo uchaphazelekayo inkululeko yakhe, aze ngokwenjenjalo asuse abo bangakwaziyo ukusebenza ngokufanelekileyo eluntwini - oko kubizwa ngokuba ziinkathazo kunye negeza eliphambukayo elingeyongozi - yayingeyonkxalabo yomntu, kodwa. inkxalabo kuluntu. Kwakungekho nkxalabo yovelwano okanye ingcamango yokunceda abantu abasweleyo eyakhokelela ekuqalisweni koku kunokwenzeka kumthetho, kodwa ingcamango yoluntu apho izinto eziphambukayo kunye "neengxaki" zazingenandawo. Ngapha koko, indlela abaziphatha ngayo isenokusongela izalamane zabo okanye bazitshabalalise.
Ukuhluthwa inkululeko yegeza kwakusekelwe ngokwembali kumgaqo womthetho wonxunguphalo. Ukuza kuthi ga kowe-1938, isiseko esisemthethweni sokuhlutha inkululeko yabo ephambeneyo sasisafumaneka kuMthetho waseDanish 1-19-7 ka-1683 nakuwiso-mthetho lwamva. Imigaqo yokuhluthwa inkululeko yamageza igquma kuphela abantu abaphambeneyo abanokuthi bagqalwe beyingozi kukhuseleko jikelele okanye kubo okanye kwindawo ebangqongileyo.
Ne I-eugenics yaba nefuthe kuMthetho we-Insanity ka-1938 oku kwatshintsha, kwaye ukuba nokwenzeka kokubamba abantu abangeyongozi abachazwa njengetyala lenkathazo yoluntu iye yagcinwa ukususela kuMthetho omtsha wePsychiatry Act..
Ukugcinwa
Ukuvinjwa kwenkululeko kunyango lwengqondo ngaphezu kokuchola abantu emakhayeni abo okanye esitratweni nako kunokwenziwa nakubantu abazilalisa esibhedlele ngokuzithandela.
Ukuba umntu oye wazivuma kwisibhedlele sabagula ngengqondo ucela ukuba akhululwe, ugqirha ophezulu kufuneka anqume ukuba isigulane sinokukhutshwa okanye kufuneka sigcinwe ngenkani. Umnqweno womntu wokukhululwa usenokucaca (ufuna ukukhululwa), kodwa kusenokuba yindlela yokuziphatha yomntu ekufuneka ifaniswe nomnqweno wokukhululwa.
Ngokomthetho isigulane esamkelwe ngokuzithandela singabanjwa kwaye kufuneka sivalelwe ukuba umntu ucela ukukhululwa ngexesha apho ehlangabezana nemiqathango yokungeniswa okunyanzelekileyo phantsi koMthetho weNgqondo.
Ngaphambi koku, imvume yesigulane ukuqhubeka nokwamkelwa ngokuzithandela iya kufunwa ngokuhambelana nomgaqo weyona ndlela incinci.
Ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25 kukho intando yezopolitiko kunye norhulumente ecacileyo yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwenyanzelo kwingqondo yengqondo eDenmark. Nangona kunjalo, le njongo ayibonakali kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nokusebenza kwiiwadi zengqondo. Ke, umntu ukwaphawula ukwanda okukhulu kokugcinwa okwenziwa ngokuzithandela.
Ukongeza kwizibophelelo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa, kusekho enye inkqubo engacacanga kakhulu esetyenziselwa ukunyanzelisa izibophelelo kwiiwadi zeengqondo ngaphandle kokuba kubonakale ukuzibophelela okuzenzekelayo, nangona kuchasene nemvume yomntu ochaphazelekayo. Le yinkundla eyalelwe ukuba agwetywe kunyango lwengqondo ngokomthetho woLwaphulo-mthetho. Amawaka abantu namhlanje ahlala eluntwini kodwa anokuthathwa nangaliphi na ixesha ebengayi kuyilandela imiyalelo yonyango aze avalelwe kwigumbi labagula ngengqondo. Xa oku kusenziwa, akugqalwa njengokuzinikela ngokuzithandela.
Umthetho obangela ukunyanzeliswa
Ukuvinjwa kwenkululeko kunyango lwengqondo kuyanda unyaka nonyaka kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo kwaye kungaphezulu kakhulu kokonyuka kwezigulana zengqondo okanye ukukhula kwabemi.
Ngeenzame zokutshintsha oorhulumente baseDanish kunye nenjongo efanayo yezopolitiko yokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kwengqondo, ulwabiwo lwemithombo kunye neenzame zolawulo oluphakathi ukwenza oku kunokubona kuphela inyaniso yobukho bobukho bomthetho onokuthi usebenzise okanye zifuna ukusetyenziswa ukunyanzeliswa njengesizathu sokwenza isilayidi, kunye nokwanda kokuhluthwa kwenkululeko kwimpilo yengqondo.
