Embindini weAfrika, apho iinkcubeko ezidlamkileyo kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukeneyo ziye zachuma kangangeenkulungwane, kwenzeka iphupha elibi elithe cwaka. Imbubhiso yase-Amhara, isiqendu esikhohlakeleyo nesoyikeka kwimbali yase-Ethiopia, sisahleli sifihliwe kwimbono yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukanti, ngaphantsi kwesi sigqubuthelo sokuthula kukho ingxelo eyothusayo yokubandezeleka okungathethekiyo, ukubulawa kwabantu abaninzi nogonyamelo lobuhlanga.
Umxholo wezeMbali kunye "ne-Abyssinia: i-Powder Barrel"
Ukuqonda ngokwenene i-Amhara Genocide, kufuneka sihlolisise kwiimbali zembali, sibuyela emva kwixesha apho i-Ethiopia ijongene nezoyikiso zangaphandle kunye nemizamo yokwenza ikoloni. Elinye lawona maxesha abaluleke kakhulu kule mbali yayi Idabi lika-Adwa ngo-1896 xa Imikhosi ka-Emperor Menelik II yaxhathisa ngempumelelo iinzame zamathanga eItali. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziganeko zabeka isiseko selifa elikhathazayo leengxabano zobuhlanga kunye nokwahlukana.
Ngeli xesha, amacebo ajolise ekudaleni ukungavisisani ngokobuhlanga acetywayo, achazwe ngokucacileyo kwincwadi ethi "Abyssinia: The Powder Barrel." Le ncwadi yokudlala ekhohlisayo yayifuna ukubonisa abantu base-Amhara njengabacinezeli bezinye iintlanga, ngenjongo yokuhlwayela imbewu yokwahlula phakathi kweTopiya.
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweMinilikawun
Ngokukhawuleza phambili ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kwaye sibona ukuvela kwakhona okuphazamisayo kwamaqhinga embali e-Ethiopia. Izinto ezingaphakathi kwi-federal force force kunye namagunya karhulumente, kunye nabanye abenzi bobubi, baye bavusa igama elithi "Minilikawuyan" ukuba babhale ngobuxoki abantu base-Amhara njengabacinezeli. Le ngxelo yobuxoki, ekuqaleni yacetyiswa ngamaTaliyane kwincwadi ethi "Abyssinia: The Powder Barrel" kwaye emva koko yasasazwa ngemigudu yobuvangeli basemazweni eyahlulahlula, iye yasetyenziswa kakubi ngokulusizi ukuthethelela ubundlobongela obuchasene nama-Amharas amsulwa.
Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuba ama-Amhara akanalo uxanduva lwembali ngezenzo zengcinezelo. Le ngxelo kukugqwethwa kweenyani zembali, isebenza njengesizathu sobundlobongela obukhoyo kubantu base-Amhara abadla ngokuba ngamafama ahlwempuzekileyo ahlala kwiimeko ezinzima.
Ukoyikeka Kwakhululwa
Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni welizwe apho abantu babefudula behlalisana ngoxolo, ngoku edlakazwe lugonyamelo olungenanceba. Abantwana, abafazi namadoda baye baba ngamaxhoba ezenzo zenkohlakalo engathethekiyo, ubomi babo bucinywe ngaphandle kwesizathu ngaphandle kobuhlanga babo.
Abaphembeleli besi siganeko, beqinisekiswa yingxelo egqwethekileyo yembali, basebenzisa amagama anyembayo afana nelithi “Neftegna,” “Minilikawiyans,” “jawisa,” nelithi “idonki” ukuze bathobe isidima baze banyelise ama-Amhara. Olo lwimi luthob’ isidima luye lwaba sisixhobo, esisetyenziselwa ukuthethelela izenzo zenkohlakalo ezingathethekiyo ezenziwayo.
Ihlabathi Elijika Amehlo Amfamekileyo
Inyaniso eyothusayo yeyokuba, ngaphandle kobukhulu bezi zenzo zenkohlakalo kunye nokusetyenziswa gwenxa kweengxelo zembali ukukhuthaza ubundlobongela, uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lukhethe kakhulu ukuthula, luyeke ukulibiza ngokuba luyintoni na: ukubulawa kwabantu. Oku kuthandabuza kugrogrisa ngokuqinisa abenzi bobubi kwaye kuphelisa ithemba lobulungisa kumaxhoba.
Ihlabathi linembali ebuhlungu yokungathandi xa kuthethwa ngokungenelela kwimbubhiso. I-Rwanda kunye ne-Bosnia zizikhumbuzo ezicacileyo zento eyenzekayo xa uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe lusilela ukwenza isigqibo. Imiphumo iba mibi, nto leyo ekhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abaninzi.
Njengoko sibhenca amasikizi eNkohlakalo yase-Amhara, sishiyeke nombuzo ongathandekiyo: Urhulumente wembubhiso unokusebenza njani njengomtshutshisi, ijaji, nesixhobo esisemthethweni sokutshutshisa? Ihlabathi akufuneki livumele le ntsinda-badala iqhubeke. Isenzo esikhawulezileyo ayisosinyanzelo sokuziphatha kuphela kodwa sikwangumsebenzi eluntwini.
Ukuqhawula amatyathanga okuThula
Lixesha lokuba umhlaba utshabalalise inzolo egquma i-Amhara Genocide. Kufuneka sijongane nenyaniso ecacileyo nengenakuphikiswa: okwenzeka e-Ethiopia ngenene kukubulawa kwabantu. Eli gama lithwele isinyanzeliso sokuziphatha, ukubizelwa kwisenzo esingenakutyeshelwa. Kusikhumbuza ngedinga elithi “awusayi kuphinda,” isifungo sokuthintela ezo ziganeko zoyikekayo ukuba zingaphinde zenzeke.
Indlela eya Phambili: uRhulumente weNguqulelo oBanzi
Ukujongana ne-Amhara Genocide ngokubanzi, siphakamisa ukusekwa korhulumente wenguqu e-Ethiopia. Lo mbutho kufuneka ubandakanye abantu abangaxengaxengiyo ekuzinikeleni kwabo kubulungisa, uxolelwaniso, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Okubalulekileyo kukuba, amaqela ezopolitiko arhanelwa ukuba anenxaxheba kwimbubhiso, okanye afunyanwe enetyala, apheliswe kuzo zonke iintshukumo zezopolitiko aze agwetywe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abanetyala bajongana nokuphendula, ngelixa abamsulwa benokuthi ekugqibeleni baqalise imisebenzi yezopolitiko xa sele besusiwe.
Isibongozo sokuSebenza
I-Amhara Genocide isebenza njengesikhumbuzo esinzima soxanduva lwethu oluhlangeneyo lokukhusela ubomi obumsulwa kunye nokuthintela ukuvela kwakhona kobu bubi. Ukugwetywa kukodwa akusayi kwanela; inyathelo elikhawulezileyo neliqinisekileyo liyafuneka.
INdibano Yembubhiso: ISinyanzelo Sokuziphatha
INgqungquthela yokuBulawa Kohlanga, eyavunywa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1948, ichaza imbopheleleko yoluntu lwezizwe ngezizwe yokuthintela nokohlwaya izenzo zokubulawa kwabantu. Ichaza ukutshatyalaliswa kohlanga “njengezenzo ezenziwa ngenjongo yokutshabalalisa, ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokuyinxenye, iqela lesizwe, lobuhlanga, lobuhlanga okanye lonqulo.” I-Amhara Genocide iwela ngokungathandabuzekiyo kule nkcazo.
Ukuthula koluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe okanye ukungafuni ukuyibiza ngolo hlobo kukuphambuka okudanisayo kwimigaqo echazwe kwiNgqungquthela yokuBulawa kwaBantu. Umyalelo wokuziphatha wengqungquthela ucacile: ihlabathi kufuneka lisebenze ngokukhawuleza ukukhusela inkohlakalo eqhubekayo kubantu base-Amhara.
UBulungisa beThutyana: Indlela eya eMpilweni
Ubulungisa benguqu, njengoko buchazwe nguMbutho weZizwe eziManyeneyo, bujonge ukujongana nelifa lokunyhashwa kwamalungelo abantu. Kwimeko ye-Amhara Genocide, ayibiyiyo nje imfuneko kodwa iyindlela yokuphila yokuphilisa isizwe esonzakele kakhulu.
Ekuqwalaseleni indlela eya phambili Yuthophiya, kuya kucaca ngokucacileyo ukuba urhulumente okhoyo, ochaphazelekayo ekuqhubeni i-Amhara Genocide, akanakuphathiswa uxanduva lokuphelisa le ngxaki yobuntu, ukuzisa uxanduva kumaqela anetyala, kunye nokukhuthaza uxolelwaniso noxolo. Kwabona badlali bathwele uxanduva ngezi zenzo zoyikekayo abanakukhokela ngokukholelekayo inkqubo yobulungisa benguqu. Ubukho bawo obuqhubekayo emagunyeni bubeka isoyikiso esikhawulezileyo kumaxhoba, ahlala esengozini enkulu. Umngcipheko wobundlobongela obungaphaya, ukuthuliswa kwamangqina, kunye nokubulawa kwabantu okujoliswe kubo kusenkulu ukuba nje abo bajongene nembubhiso bayalugcina ulawulo. Ingqikelelo ye "quasi-compliance" iyasebenza, apho kunokubakho a ukubonakala kwentsebenziswano kunye neenzame zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa iziseko zamandla kunye nokungohlwaywa zihlala zinjalo, zinika nayiphi na inkqubo yobulungisa yenguqu ingasebenzi kwaye inokuba yingozi ngakumbi kumaxhoba. Urhulumente wenguqu ongenamkhethe ngokwenene nobanzi, kwakunye nolongamelo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunyanzelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba ubulungisa buyalawula kwaye uxolo oluhlala luhleli lunokufumaneka e-Ethiopia nakummandla obanzi.
Urhulumente wenguqu obanzi, oqulunqwe ngabantu abangakhethi buso bazinikele kubulungisa noxolelwaniso, unokuvula indlela yokuphiliswa kufunwa kakhulu. Kufuneka ibeke phambili:
- Inyaniso: Phambi kokuba kunikwe uxanduva lokuphendula, kufuneka kutyhilwe umda opheleleyo wezenzo zenkohlakalo kunye nomxholo wembali owakhokelela kuzo. Inkqubo ebanzi yokufuna inyaniso ibalulekile ekuvumeni ukubandezeleka kwamaxhoba nokuqonda izinto ezaphembelela imbubhiso yase-Amhara.
- Uxanduva lokuphendula: Abenzi bobubi, nokuba bangowaluphi na uhlanga, kufuneka bagwetywe. Kufuneka kuthunyelwe umyalezo ocacileyo wokuba ukungohlwaywa akusayi kunyanyezelwa.
- Imbuyekezo: Amaxhoba e-Amhara Genocide afanelwe ukubuyiselwa ngenxa yokubandezeleka kwawo. Oku kuquka kungekuphela nje imbuyekezo yezinto eziphathekayo kodwa kwanenkxaso yokuchacha ngokwasengqondweni nangokweemvakalelo.
- Uxolelwaniso: Ukwakha kwakhona ukuthembana phakathi koluntu, uninzi lwalo oludlakazwe lubundlobongela, yeyona nto iphambili. Amalinge akhuthaza ukuqondana nentsebenziswano kufuneka abe ngundoqo kwi-ajenda yorhulumente wenguqu.
Ukuqukumbela, simemelela ngokunyaniseka uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuba:
- Ivume esidlangalaleni i-Amhara Genocide njenge-genocide, igxininisa imfuneko yokungenelela ngokukhawuleza.
- Ukwandisa inkxaso yokusekwa korhulumente wenguqu obanzi e-Ethiopia, okhokelwa ngamanani angakhethi cala azinikele kubulungisa noxolelwaniso.
- Ukumisela ukuvalwa kwawo onke amaqela ezopolitiko anento yokwenza nembubhiso de acinywe ubugwenxa.
- Ukubonelela ngoncedo olungxamisekileyo loluntu kumaxhoba e-Amhara Genocide, ejongene neemfuno zabo zangoku.
- Yakha intsebenziswano namahlakani ezizwe ngezizwe kunye nemibutho ukuqinisekisa ubulungisa, imbuyekezo, kunye noxolelwaniso lufezekiswa ngokusebenzayo nangokunyamezelayo.
I-Ethiopia, njenge-phoenix, kufuneka ivuke eluthuthwini lwesi sahluko esimnyama kwimbali yayo. Ngokuzibophelela ngokudibeneyo kubulungisa, uxolelwaniso, kunye nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu, sinokuba nethemba ngekamva apho umanyano noxolo zilawula phezulu. Lixesha lokuba ihlabathi lithobele izifundo zembali kwaye lithintele esinye isahluko esibuhlungu ukuba sibhalwe.
