I-Colombia, iSpain kanye nengxabano yesizwe saseBolivia igalari yayo nengcebo yayo yacwila olwandle lweCaribbean
Ekupheleni kukaMeyi 1708, umkhumbi waseSpain "San Jose" wasuka ePanama waya ezweni lakubo. Kukhona umcebo omkhulu ebhodini - izindawo zokugcina zigcwele amathani angaphezu kuka-200 egolide, isiliva, izinhlamvu zemali, ama-emeralds, njll., eqoqwe emakoloni aseCaribbean. Inkosi uPhilip V yathembela kulezi zinsiza ukuxhasa ngezimali iMpi Yokulandelana KwabaseSpain. Nokho, ngo-June 8, “iSan Jose” yahlangana nemikhumbi yesitha yaseBrithani. Phakathi nempi, kuqubuka umlilo futhi ngemva kwamahora umkhumbi uthatha uhambo lwawo lokugcina - ukuya phansi olwandle, udonsa izisebenzi ze-600 kanye nomcebo. Umkhumbi waseSpain nengcebo yawo engenakubalwa waba inganekwane engayeki ukuthakasela abavubukuli nababazingeli bengcebo.
Igalaji yayinezibhamu ezingu-64, imiphongolo yazo eyayihlotshiswe ngemidwebo eyingqayizivele yamahlengethwa. Ngo-2015, uhulumeni waseColombia wamemezela ngokumangazayo ukuthi igalaji selitholakele. “Le ngcebo iyigugu kunawo wonke ake atholakala emlandweni wesintu,” wajabula owayengumongameli waseColombia, uJuan Manuel Santos. Kodwa ukujula okukhulu kwenza ukuhlola kube nzima futhi kuphuze. Kwakungomhla zingama-27 kuNovemba 2018 lapho umkhumbi-ngwenya oyirobhothi i-REMUS 6000 we-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution ezinze e-US wasondela emkhunjini futhi wakwazi ukuthatha izithombe zengozi, okuhlanganisa nezinganono zethusi eziyingqayizivele eziqoshwe amahlengethwa. Ezinye zezithombe ezingaphansi kwamanzi ziboniswe ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezedlule. Abonisa izinhlamvu zemali, imihlobiso, i-porcelain, izitsha zobumba, njll. Okunye okubonakalayo umnsalo we-galleon kanye nezingxenye zesikhumba sawo ezimbozwe ukhula lwasolwandle namagobolondo.
Iziphathimandla zaseBogotá zigcina le ndawo iyimfihlo, kodwa iSan Jose kukholakala ukuthi ilele phansi cishe amakhilomitha angama-40 ukusuka echwebeni laseCartagena de Indias. Impahla yayo kuthiwa ibiza phakathi kuka-$1 billion no-$2 billion ngamanani anamuhla. Yonke into isesigabeni socwaningo futhi izilinganiso zenani lengcebo zinemibandela impela - okutholakele nesiphetho sakho kugubuzelwe imfihlo, futhi ukukhishwa kwakho kuzoba umsebenzi onzima kakhulu futhi omba eqolo.
Ligugu likabani?
Lokhu sekuneminyaka eminingi kuxoxwa ngakho. I-Colombia icabanga ukuthi inawo wonke amalungelo, njengoba i-"San Jose" yatholakala emanzini ayo. Kodwa Spain futhi unezimangalo - phela umkhumbi ophahlazekile ubuyingxenye yemikhumbi yawo. AmaNdiya esizwe samaKhara-Khara eBolivia nawo akholelwa ukuthi ingxenye yengcebo ingeyabo, ngoba ivela emathunjini ezwe lawo futhi yambiwa okhokho bawo (iBolivia iyikhaya lemayini yesiliva enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni).
Iziphathimandla e-Bogotá nazo ziphikisana nezinkampani ezizimele, ezizama ngisho nokufakazela ezinkantolo nasezinkantolo zokulamula ukuthi zinelungelo lokuthola ingxenye yalokho okutholwe okubalulekile okulele phansi. Inkampani yaseMelika i-Search Armada (SSA) ithi iwutholile umkhumbi emuva ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 futhi njengomtholi wokuqala banelungelo lokuthola amaphesenti angama-50 wempahla. I-SSA ibe nesivumelwano nowayenguMengameli waseColombia uJuan Manuel Santos sokwabelana ngamagugu, kuqinisekisa iNkantolo Ephakeme eBogotá. Kodwa inkampani yaseMelika yehluleka ukufakazela ukuthi ingumtholi wokuqala, ngoba izixhumanisi ezikhonjiswe yiyo azihambisani nendawo yangempela yegalani.
Kuvela enye ingxabano - nabakwaMaritime Archaeology Consultants (MAC), abafuna isabelo se-45%, ngoba bathole imvume futhi bahlanganyele emisebenzini yokusesha eyimpumelelo. Inkantolo inqume ukuthi u-45% okukhulunywa ngawo awubhekiseli kukho konke okutholiwe, kodwa kuphela ezimpahleni ezingabalulekile - yonke into eyigugu "eSan Jose" iyingxenye yamagugu kazwelonke amasiko nomlando waseBolivia futhi ayikho ngaphansi "kokuhlukaniswa". Ingxabano yafinyelela enkantolo yezwe - inkampani ezimele yafaka icala enkantolo yezigidigidi ezingu-17 zamaRandi, igcizelela ukuthi i-Colombia iyikweleta imali eshisiwe ngezindleko zokuhlela uhambo lwangaphansi kwamanzi kanye nokungafezwa kwenkontileka... Kodwa isimangalo sanqatshwa njengesingenakuphenduleka.
Iziphathimandla e-Bogotá zinezinhlelo zokwenza imnyuziyamu e-Cartagena ukuze kuboniswe ingcebo neminye imibukiso evela ekuphahlazekeni komkhumbi wezinganekwane. Futhi hhayi kuye kuphela - eduze ne-"San Jose" abatshuzi bazithele phezu kwemikhumbi emibili ecwile, kanye nezinye izinto eziyi-13 ezisazofundwa. Kukholakala ukuthi kunamakhulu emikhumbi yasendulo nendala olwandle nxazonke, nayo elindele ukutholwa.
