E-France, iSenethi isebenza ngomthethosivivinywa "wokuqinisa ukulwa nokuchezuka kwamahlelo", Kodwa okuqukethwe kwawo kubonakala kubangela izinkinga ezinkulu kochwepheshe benkululeko yenkolo noma yenkolelo kanye nezazi zenkolo.
NgoNovemba 15, uMkhandlu kaNgqongqoshe weRiphabhulikhi yaseFrance wathumela a uhlaka lomthetho kuSenethi okuhloswe ngayo "ukuqinisa ukulwa nokuchezuka kwamasiko". Lo mthethosivivinywa uzodingidwa futhi uvotelwe eSigele saseFrance ngoDisemba 19 bese uthunyelwa ePhalamende Likazwelonke ukuze ubuyekezwe ngaphambi kwevoti lokugcina.
Yiqiniso, "ukulwa nokuphambuka kwe-cultic" kungase kubonakale kusemthethweni, uma noma ubani engeza nencazelo esemthethweni nenembile "yokuchezuka kwamasiko" noma "ihlelo". Nokho, ngaphandle kwesihloko somthethosivivinywa, okuqukethwe kwawo okubonakala kuyinkinga kakhulu emehlweni ochwepheshe be-ForRB (inkululeko yenkolo noma yenkolelo) nezifundiswa zezenkolo.
I-athikili yayo 1 ihlose ukudala ubugebengu obusha obuchazwa “njengokubeka noma ukugcina umuntu esesimweni sokuzithoba ngokwengqondo noma ngokomzimba okubangelwa ukusebenzisa ngokuqondile ingcindezi enzima noma ephindaphindwayo noma amasu angase akhinyabeze ukwahlulela kwakhe kanye nokuba nomthelela omubi kakhulu. ukonakala kwempilo yabo engokomzimba noma engokwengqondo noma okuholela lo muntu esenzweni noma sokuzithiba esibahlukumeza kakhulu”. Futhi, ngokufunda ngokushesha, ubani ongamelana nokujezisa ukuziphatha okubi okungaka? Kodwa udeveli ngemininingwane.
Ukubuya kwemibono “yokulawula ingqondo”
“Ukuzithoba ngokwengqondo” kuyigama elifanayo lalokho okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi “ukukhwabanisa kwengqondo”, “ukulawula ingqondo”, noma “ukuwasha ingqondo”. Lokho kucacile uma ufunda "ucwaningo lomthelela" lukahulumeni waseFrance, ozama ukuthethelela isidingo somthetho omusha onjalo ngobunzima obukhulu. Le mibono engacacile, uma isetshenziswa emthethweni wobugebengu kanye nezinhlangano zezenkolo, ekugcineni iye yachithwa njengesayensi-mbumbulu emazweni amaningi lapho yayike yasetshenziswa khona, ngaphandle kwamanye amazwe angondlovukayiphikiswa njengeRussia neChina. E-US, Umqondo we-1950's "wokulawula ingqondo" owawusetshenziswa yi-CIA ukuzama ukuchaza ukuthi kungani amanye amasosha abo ahlakulela ukuzwelana nezitha zawo zamakhomanisi, aqala ukusetshenziswa abanye odokotela bengqondo emikhankasweni yezenkolo entsha ngeminyaka yama-80s. Ithimba lomsebenzi wodokotela bengqondo ladalelwa ukuthi lisebenze "Ezindleleni Ezikhohlisayo Nezingaqondile Zokuthonya Nokulawula" yizinkolo ezincane futhi zanikeza "umbiko" ku-American Psychological Association ngo-1987. Impendulo esemthethweni evela ebhodini le-Ethical ye-American Psychological Association. kwakubuhlungu. NgoMeyi 1987, benqaba umbono wababhali “wokuncenga ngenkani”, bethi “ngokuvamile, lo mbiko awunakho ukuqina kwesayensi kanye nendlela ebucayi edingekayo ye-APA imprimatur”, futhi bengeza ngokuthi ababhali bombiko akufanele bawuveze umbiko wabo. ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuthi "yayingamukeleki ebhodini".
Ngemva nje kwalokhu, i-American Psychological Association kanye ne-American Sociological Association bathumele izifinyezo ze-amicus curiae eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US lapho baphikisene khona ngokuthi ithiyori ye-cultic brainwashing awamukelwa ngokuvamile njengenokufaneleka kwesayensi. Lo mfushane uphikisa ukuthi ithiyori yecultic yokuwasha ubuchopho ayinikezi indlela eyamukelekayo ngokwesayensi yokunquma ukuthi ithonya lezenhlalo liyinqoba nini inkululeko yokuzikhethela nalapho lingakwenzi. Ngakho-ke, izinkantolo zase-US zithole ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi isisindo sobufakazi besayensi sithole ukuthi ithiyori emelene nokuhlanzwa kobuchopho eyamukelwa umphakathi wesayensi ofanele.
Kodwa iFrance (noma okungenani izisebenzi zikahulumeni zaseFrance ezabhala lo mthetho, kodwa futhi nohulumeni owawugunyaza) azikhathaleli ngempela ukunemba kwesayensi.
Italy kanye nomthetho "Plagio".
Umthetho ofana nalowo ohlongozwayo kumthethosivivinywa waseFrance wawukhona ngempela e-Italy kusukela ngo-1930 kuya ku-1981. Kwakungumthetho wobufascist obizwa ngokuthi “plagio” (okusho ukuthi “ukulawula ingqondo”), owafaka inhlinzeko elandelayo kwiKhodi Yobugebengu: “Noma ubani ebeka umuntu emandleni akhe, ukuze amehlisele esimweni sokuzithoba, ajeziswe ngokuvalelwa ejele iminyaka emihlanu kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu”. Ngempela, lowo umqondo ofanayo kakhulu kunalowo oqukethwe ku-athikili 1 yomthethosivivinywa wesiFulentshi.
Umthetho we-Plagio waduma lapho usetshenziswa ngokumelene nesazi sefilosofi esidumile esingu-Marxist, u-Aldo Braibanti owayengenise izinsizwa ezimbili emzini wakhe ukuze zisebenze njengonobhala bakhe. Ngokusho komshushisi, wabafaka esimweni sokuzithoba ngokomqondo ngenhloso yokubenza izithandwa zakhe. Ngo-1968, uBraibanti watholwa enecala “le-plagio” yiNkantolo yaseRome yase-Assizes, futhi wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-9 ejele. Ekudluliselweni kwecala kokugcina, iNkantolo Ephakeme (yedlulela ngisho nangaphezu kwezinqumo zezinkantolo eziphansi) yachaza “i-plagio” kaBraibanti “njengesimo lapho ingqondo yomuntu ophoqelelwe yayithululelwa khona. Lokhu kwakungenzeka ngisho nangaphandle kokuphendukela ebudloveni obungokomzimba noma ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezibangela izifo, ngomphumela ohlangene wezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngayinye yazo iyodwa okungenzeka ayizange iphumelele, kuyilapho iqala ukusebenza lapho ihlanganiswa ndawonye.” Ukulandela lesi sigwebo, izihlakaniphi ezifana no-Alberto Moravia kanye no-Umberto Eco, kanye nenqwaba yabameli abaholayo nodokotela bengqondo, bafaka isicelo sokuthi kuqedwe lo mthetho othi “plagio.”
Nakuba ukugwetshwa kungakaze kuchithwe, kwadala izimpikiswano e-Italy iminyaka. Ukugxekwa komthetho bekuyizinhlobo ezimbili. Enye yayivela kumbono wesayensi: iningi lodokotela bengqondo base-Italy babekholelwa ukuthi "i-plagio" ngomqondo "wokuzithoba kwengqondo", yayingekho, kanti abanye babephikisana ngokuthi kunoma yikuphi, kwakungacacile kakhulu futhi kwakunganqunyelwe ukusetshenziswa. emthethweni wobugebengu. Uhlobo lwesibili lokugxekwa lwalungolwezombusazwe, njengoba abagxeki babethi “i-plagio” yayivumela ukucwaswa ngokwemibono, njengasendabeni kaBraibanti owalahlwa yicala ngenxa yombono wokucwasa abantu bobulili obufanayo, ngoba wayekhuthaza “indlela yokuphila yokuziphatha okubi”.
Eminyakeni eyishumi ngemva kwalokho, ngo-1978, umthetho wabe ususetshenziswa ukuze kulandelwe umpristi ongumKatolika, uBaba u-Emilio Grasso, osolwa ngokuba “nokulawula ingqondo” kubalandeli bakhe. U-Emilio Grasso, umholi womphakathi wamaKatolika e-Italy, wasolwa ngokudala ukuzithoba okungokwengqondo kubalandeli bakhe ukuze abenze basebenze njengezithunywa zevangeli zesikhathi esigcwele noma amavolontiya emisebenzini yokupha e-Italy nakwamanye amazwe. E-Rome, inkantolo ephethe ukuhlolwa kwecala yaphakamisa umbuzo mayelana nomthethosisekelo wecala le-"plagio", futhi yathumela icala eNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo yase-Italy.
Ngomhla ziyisi-8 kuNhlangulana 1981, iNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo yamemezela ubugebengu be-plagio obuphambene nomthethosisekelo. Ngokwesinqumo seNkantolo, Ngokusekelwe ezincwadini zesayensi ezikhuluma ngale ndaba, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi “kungokwengqondo, isayense noma ukuhlaziya ingqondo,” ithonya noma “ukuzithoba ngokwengqondo” kuyingxenye “evamile” yobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu: “izimo ezivamile zokuncika ngokwengqondo zingafinyelelwa. amadigri okuqina ngisho nangesikhathi eside, njengobudlelwano bothando, nobudlelwano phakathi kompristi nekholwa, uthisha nomfundi, udokotela kanye nesiguli (…). Kodwa empeleni kunzima kakhulu, uma kungenzeki, ukuhlukanisa, ezimweni ezinjengalezi, ukuncenga ngokwengqondo nokuthotshiswa ngokwengqondo, nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwazo ngezinhloso zomthetho. Azikho izindlela eziqinile ezikhona zokuhlukanisa nokuchaza umsebenzi ngamunye, ukulandelela umngcele oqondile phakathi kwakho kokubili.” INkantolo yanezela ukuthi icala le-plagio “laliyibhomu elizoqhuma esimisweni sethu sezomthetho, njengoba lingasetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isimo esisikisela ukuncika komuntu ngokwengqondo komunye.”
Lokho kwaba ukuphela kokuzithoba ngokwengqondo e-Italy, kodwa ngokusobala, lokho akwanele ukuvimbela uhulumeni waseFrance ukuthi abuye nomqondo ofanayo wobufascist namuhla.
Ubani owayengathintwa?
Njengoba kushiwo yiNkantolo Yomthethosisekelo yase-Italy, umqondo onjalo “ungasetshenziswa kunoma yisiphi isimo esisho ukuncika ngokwengqondo komuntu komunye”. Futhi kunjalo nakanjani kunoma yiliphi iqembu lezenkolo noma elingokomoya lanoma yiliphi ihlelo, ngaphezu kwalokho uma kukhona ubutha bomphakathi noma bukahulumeni obumelene nabo. Ukuhlolwa komphumela olimazayo “wokuzithoba kwengqondo” okunjalo kuyodingeka kuphathiswe odokotela bengqondo abangochwepheshe, abazocelwa ukuba banikeze umbono ngokubonakala komqondo ongenaso isisekelo sesayensi esimisiwe.
Noma yimuphi umpristi angasolwa ngokugcina abathembekile besesimweni “sokuzithoba ngokwengqondo”, njengoba kungaba nguthisha we-yoga noma urabi. Njengoba asitshela ummeli ongumFulentshi ngalo mthethosivivinywa: “Kulula ukubonisa ukucindezela okungathi sína noma okuphindaphindiwe: imiyalo ephindaphindiwe enikezwa umqashi, umqeqeshi wezemidlalo, noma ngisho nomphathi wezempi; umyalo wokuthandaza noma wokuvuma izono, ungafaneleka kalula kanjalo. Amasu okushintsha ukwahlulela asetshenziswa nsuku zonke emphakathini wesintu: ukuyenga, inkulumo-nkulumo kanye nokumaketha wonke amasu okushintsha ukwahlulela. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi i-Schopenhauer ishicilele I-Art of Always Being Right ngaphansi kwethonya lale phrojekthi, ngaphandle kokusolwa ngokuba nesandla ebugebengwini okukhulunywa ngabo? Ukukhubazeka okungathi sína kwempilo engokomzimba noma engokwengqondo nakho kulula ukubonakala kunalokho okungase kubonakale ekuqaleni. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho kulungiselelwa iMidlalo Yama-Olympic, umsubathi osezingeni eliphezulu ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephindaphindiwe angase abhekane nokuwohloka kwempilo yakhe engokomzimba, isibonelo, uma kwenzeka elimala. Isenzo esicwasa kakhulu noma ukungaziphathi sihlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zokuziphatha. Isosha lezempi, ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephindaphindiwe, lizoqhutshwa izenzo ezingase zibe nobandlululo olukhulu, ngisho nasezimweni zokuqeqeshwa kwezempi. "
Yiqiniso, ukugwetshwa okusekelwe embonweni onjalo wezomthetho ongacacile kungase kuholele ekugwetshweni kokugcina kweFrance yiNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu. Njengoba ngempela, esinqumweni sayo esithi, Jehovah’s Witnesses of Moscow and Others v. Russia n° 302, iNkantolo isiyidingide kakade indaba “yokulawula ingqondo”: “Ayikho incazelo evamile nengokwesayensi yalokho okushiwo ‘ukulawula ingqondo’”. Kodwa ngisho noma kwakunjalo, bangaki abantu abayogwetshwa ngokungafanele ejele ngaphambi kokuba kuphume isinqumo sokuqala se-ECHR?
Ukucasulwa ukuyeka ukwelashwa
Umthetho osalungiswa uqukethe ezinye izinhlinzeko eziyimpikiswano. Enye yazo iku-athikili yayo yesi-4, ehlose ukwenza kube yicala “Ukugqugquzela ukushiya noma ukwenqaba ukulandela i-therapeutic or prophylactic medical, lapho ukulahla noma ukuzithiba kwethulwa njengokuzuzisa impilo yabantu abathintekayo, kuyilapho, kubhekwa isimo ulwazi lwezokwelapha, ngokusobala cishe luyoba nemiphumela engathi sína empilweni yabo engokomzimba noma engokwengqondo, uma kubhekwa ukugula abaphethwe yikho.”
Esimeni sangemva kobhubhane, wonke umuntu ucabanga ngabantu abakhuthaza ukuthi bangayithathi imigomo kanye nenselelo ebimele ohulumeni abafuna ukugoma. Kodwa njengoba umthetho ungasebenza kunoma ubani “ocasulayo” ngokuvamile ezinkundleni zokuxhumana noma ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ubungozi bokunikezwa okunjalo buphathelene ngokubanzi. Eqinisweni, uMkhandlu Wezwe WaseFrance (Conseil d'Etat) wanikeza umbono ngaleli lungiselelo ngo-November 9:
“I-Conseil d'Etat iveza ukuthi lapho amaqiniso abekwe icala ephuma enkulumweni evamile nengahlobene nomuntu, ngokwesibonelo kubhulogi noma inethiwekhi yokuxhumana nabantu, kuyilapho inhloso yokuvikela impilo, esuselwe esigabeni seshumi nanye seSethulo soMthethosisekelo ka-1946, kungenzeka zithethelela imingcele yenkululeko yokukhuluma kufanele kwenziwe ukulingana phakathi kwala malungelo omthethosisekelo, ukuze kungaphazamisi inkululeko yenkulumo-mpikiswano yesayensi kanye neqhaza labahlebi ngokwenza izinselelo zibe yicala ezenzweni zamanje zokwelapha.”
Ekugcineni, uMkhandlu Kazwelonke WaseFrance weluleka ukuba kuhoxiswe umbandela kumthethosivivinywa. Kodwa uhulumeni waseFrance wayengenandaba.
Izinhlangano ezimelene namahlelo zinikezwe isithupha
Umthetho osalungiswa, empeleni obonakala uwumphumela wokunxenxa okubalulekile kwezinhlangano ezimelene namahlelo zaseFrance ezingaphansi kwe-FECRIS (European Federation of the Centers of Research and Information on Sects and Cults), awuzange ubashiye ngaphandle kwesinxephezelo. Nge-athikili yesi-3 yomthetho, izinhlangano ezimelene namahlelo zizovunyelwa ukuba zibe ngabamangali abasemthethweni (izinhlangano zomphakathi) futhi zilethe izenzo zomphakathi emacaleni ahilela "ukuphambuka kwe-cultic", noma ngabe abazange babhekane nomonakalo. Bazodinga kuphela “isivumelwano” esivela eMnyangweni Wezobulungiswa.
Empeleni, ucwaningo lomthelela ohambisana nomthethosivivinywa, lubiza izinhlangano okufanele zithole lesi sivumelwano. Bonke baziwa ngokuthi baxhaswa ngokukhethekile uMbuso WaseFrance (okubenza babe “ngamaGongo”, igama eliqanjwe ukugcona izinhlangano ezingezona zikahulumeni empeleni “eziyizinhlangano zikahulumeni okungezona ezikahulumeni), futhi ziqondise cishe izinkolo ezincane. . Ngaleso sihloko, akungabazeki ukuthi bazogcwalisa izinkonzo zokwahlulela ngezikhalo zobugebengu ezifika ngesikhathi ngokumelene nezinhlangano abangazithandi, kulokhu izinkolo ezincane. Yebo, lokho kuzobeka engozini ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala elinobulungisa lezinkolo ezincane zaseFrance.
Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ezimbalwa zalezi zinhlangano zingeze-FECRIS, iFederation leyo The European Times iveze ukuthi iyimbangela yenkulumo-ze yaseRussia emelene ne-Ukraine, isola “amahlelo” ngokuthi asekela umbuso “wobuzimu wamaNazi” kaMongameli uZelensky. Uyabona Ukufakwa kwe-FECRIS lapha.
Ngabe uzophasiswa umthetho wokuphambuka kwamahlelo?
Ngeshwa, iFrance inomlando omude wokuxova inkululeko yenkolo noma yenkolelo. Nakuba uMthethosisekelo walo ufuna ukuhlonishwa kwazo zonke izinkolo nokuhlonishwa kwenkululeko kanembeza nenkolo, yizwe lapho izimpawu zenkolo zingavunyelwe esikoleni, lapho abameli benqatshelwe futhi ukugqoka noma yiziphi izimpawu zenkolo lapho bengena ezinkantolo, lapho izinkolo eziningi ezincane ziye zabandlululwa khona. “njengamahlelo” amashumi eminyaka, njalonjalo.
Ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuthi amalungu ePhalamende aseFrance, ngokuvamile angenasithakazelo emibuzweni yenkululeko yenkolo noma yenkolelo, aqonde ingozi umthetho onjalo ongayimelela kumakholwa, ngisho nakwabangakholwa. Kodwa ubani owaziyo? Izimangaliso zenzeka, ngisho nasezweni laseVoltaire. Ngethemba.
