Dare reParliamentary Assembly reCouncil of Europe richinzwa nenyanzvi rakaitwa svondo rapfuura rakatarisa pfungwa yerusarura pamudzi wekuti nei European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ichiganhurira kodzero yerusununguko nechengeteko yevanhu vakaremara mupfungwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, Dare racho rakanzwa zvinorongwa nedzidziso yemazuva ano yekodzero dzevanhu inotsigirwa neUnited Nations.
ECHR uye 'pfungwa dzisina kugadzikana'
Senyanzvi yekutanga Prof. Dr. Marius Turda, Mutungamiriri weCenter for Medical Humanities, Oxford Brookes University, UK akatsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu enhau umo European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) yakanga yaumbwa. Nhoroondo, iyo pfungwa ye'pfungwa dzisina kugadzikana' rinoshandiswa seshoko muECHR Chisungo 5, 1(e) - mumvumo dzayo dzose - yakaita basa rinokosha mukuumba mafungiro nemaitiro eugenic, uye kwete muBritain chete kwaakabva.
Prof. Turda vakatara kuti, “yakashandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti dziserura uye dzishore vanhu uye zvakare kusimudzira tsika dzerusarura uye kusarura vanhu vane hurema hwekudzidza. Hurukuro dzeEugenic dzekuti chii chaiumba maitiro akajairwa/asina kujairika uye hunhu hwaive pakati pekumiririra pfungwa dzevanhu 'vanokodzera' uye 'vasina kufanira', uye zvakazotungamira kune mitsva mitsva yekudzvinyirirwa munharaunda, hupfumi, uye zvematongerwo enyika uye kuparadzwa kwekodzero dzevakadzi. uye varume vanonzi ‘vasina kugadzikana’.”
Ms Boglárka Benko, Registry ye Dare reEuropean Court of Human Rights (ECHR), vakapa nyaya yemutemo we Musangano weEuropean pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu (ECHR). Sechikamu cheizvi, akaratidza dambudziko rekuti chinyorwa cheChibvumirano chinosunungura vanhu vanoonekwa se "pfungwa dzisina kugadzikana" kubva pakuchengetedzwa kwekodzero nguva dzose. Akataura kuti ECHR ine zvishoma chete yakadzora kududzira kwayo kwegwaro reChibvumirano maererano nekunyimwa rusununguko rwevanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa kana matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa. Matare kazhinji anotevera pfungwa dzenyanzvi dzezvokurapa.
Kuita uku kwakasiyana nezvimwe zvitsauko zveEuropean Convention on Kodzero Dzevanhu (ECHR), uko dare reEurope rakanyatsoongorora kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu panyaya dzeECHR richitarisawo mamwe masangano epasi rose anorwira kodzero dzevanhu. Boglárka Benko akacherechedza kuti dziviriro yekodzero dzevanhu inogona kunge iri munjodzi yekutsemuka.
Imwe nyanzvi, Laura Marchetti, Policy Manager we Mental Health Europe (MHE) akapa mharidzo pamusoro pekodzero yekodzero dzevanhu yekuvharirwa kwevanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa. MHE ndiyo huru yakazvimiririra yeEuropean network sangano rinoshanda Kukurudzira hutano hwakanaka hwepfungwa uye hukama hwakanaka; Kudzivirira matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa; uye kutsigira nekusimudzira kodzero dzevanhu vane hutano hwepfungwa kana hurema hwepfungwa.
“Kwenguva refu, vanhu vakaremara mundangariro nezvinetso zvoutano hwendangariro vaiwanzorangarirwa kuva vakaderera, vasina kukwana kana kuti kunyange kuva nengozi nokuda kwenzanga. Izvi zvaive mhedzisiro yemaitiro ehupenyu hwehutano hwepfungwa, iyo yakarongedza musoro sechikanganiso chemunhu kana dambudziko, "Laura Marchetti akadaro.
Akawedzera pamusoro perusarura rwenhoroondo rwakanga rwaratidzwa naProf. Turda. "Mitemo nemutemo zvakagadziridzwa zvichitevera nzira iyi zvinonyanya pamutemo kusabatwa, kumanikidza uye kunyimwa rusununguko," akaudza Komiti. Uye akawedzera kuti "vanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa vakagadzirwa semutoro kana njodzi kunzanga."
Psychosocial muenzaniso wekuremara
Mumakumi emakore apfuura, nzira iyi yakaramba ichibvunzwa, sezvo gakava reruzhinji uye tsvagiridzo yakatanga kuratidza rusarura uye kukanganisa kunobva kubiomedical maitiro.
Laura Marchetti akataura, kuti "Kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, iyo inonzi psychosocial modhi kune hurema inoisa kuti matambudziko uye kusarudzika izvo vanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa uye matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa vanotarisana nawo hazvikonzerwi nekukanganisa kwavo, asi nenzira iyo nzanga yakarongeka uye. anonzwisisa nyaya iyi."
Uyu modhi unokweverawo ngwariro kunyaya yekuti zvinoitika muvanhu zvakasiyana uye kuti kune nhevedzano yezviratidzi zvinokanganisa hupenyu hwemunhu (semuenzaniso magariro nehupfumi uye zvakatipoteredza, zvinonetsa kana zvinoshungurudza zviitiko zvehupenyu).
“Saka zvipingaidzo nezvinotaridza veruzhinji ndiro dambudziko rinofanirwa kugadziriswa nemitemo nemutemo. Tarisiro inofanirwa kunge iri pakubatanidzwa nerutsigiro, pane kusabatanidzwa uye kushomeka kwesarudzo nekutonga, ”akadaro Laura Marchetti.
Kuchinja kwemaitiro uku kwakanyorwa muChibvumirano cheUnited Nations chekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara (CRPD), icho chine chinangwa chekusimudzira, kuchengetedza uye kuona kufara kwakakwana uye kwakaenzana kwekodzero dzevanhu vose nevanhu vakaremara.
CRPD yakasainwa nenyika zana nemakumi matanhatu neina, kusanganisira European Union nenhengo dzayo dzese. Inoisa mumitemo nemirairo kushanduka kubva kumararamiro ekurapa kuenda kumuenzaniso wepfungwa wekuremara. Yakatsanangura vanhu vakaremara sevanhu vane hurema hurefu hwemuviri, hwepfungwa, hwepfungwa kana hwekunzwa izvo mukudyidzana nezvipingamupinyi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinogona kukanganisa kutora kwavo zvizere uye kunobudirira munzanga zvakaenzana nevamwe.
Laura Marchetti akatsanangura, kuti "CRPD inotaura kuti vanhu havagone kusarurwa nekuda kwehurema hwavo, kusanganisira hurema hwepfungwa. Chibvumirano chinonyatsoratidza kuti chero nzira yekumanikidza, kubviswa kwesimba repamutemo uye kurapwa kwekumanikidzwa kukanganisa kodzero dzevanhu. Chisungo 14 cheCRPD chinotaurawo zvakajeka kuti "kuvapo kwehurema hakuzokodzeri kunyimwa rusununguko".
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Chisungo 5 § 1 (e)
Chibvumirano cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) chakaitwa yakanyorwa muna 1949 na1950. Muchikamu chayo chekodzero yerusununguko nekuchengetedzeka kwevanhu, ECHR Chisungo chechishanu § 5 (e), inotaura kunze kwe "vanhu vane pfungwa dzisina kusimba, zvidhakwa kana zvidhakwa. chiremba vakapindwa muropa kana kuti vagrant.” Kusarudzwa kwevanhu vanoonekwa sekukanganiswa nemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro kana emunhu, kana kusiyana kwemaonero kunobva mukusarura kwakapararira kwechikamu chekutanga chema1900.
Kusarudzika kwakagadzirwa nevamiriri veUnited Kingdom, Denmark neSweden, vachitungamirwa neBritish. Zvakanga zvichibva mukunetsekana kuti magwaro ekodzero dzevanhu akanyorwa panguva iyoyo akatsvaga kushandisa Universal kodzero dzevanhu dzinosanganisira vanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa kana matambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa, izvo zvaipesana nemutemo uye magariro evanhu munyika idzi. Vese maBritish, Denmark neSweden vaive vatsigiri vakasimba veeugenics panguva iyoyo, uye vaive vaita misimboti nemaonero akadaro kuita mutemo nekuita.
Laura Marchetti akapedzisa mharidzo yake achitaura izvozvo
“Nekuda kwekuchinja uku, rugwaro rweEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Chinyorwa 5, 1(e) hachienderani nemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose, sezvo richiri kubvumira rusarura pamusana pepfungwa. hurema kana dambudziko reutano hwepfungwa.”
"Saka zvakakosha kuti chinyorwa chigadziriswe uye kubvisa zvikamu zvinobvumira kuenderera mberi kwerusarura uye kusabatwa kwakaenzana," akasimbisa mukutaura kwake kwekupedzisira.
