Amalungelo abantu ngokweZizwe eziManyeneyo, ngamalungelo esinawo ngenxa nje yokuba siphila njengabantu - awawanikwanga naliphi na ilizwe. La malungelo ehlabathi azuzwe kuthi sonke, kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe, isini, isizwe okanye uhlanga, umbala, inkolo, ulwimi, okanye nasiphi na esinye isimo. Zisusela kwezona zibalulekileyo - ilungelo lobomi - ukuya kwezona zenza ubomi bube mnandi, njengamalungelo okutya, imfundo, umsebenzi, impilo kunye nenkululeko. EYurophu asingabo bonke abanala malungelo, ukuba ubani uxhomekeke kuphela kwiNgqungquthela YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu. I Indibano yaseYurophu ibandakanya inqaku elimisela umda kubantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni. Ivela kumntu kwaye kwenye indawo, kwaye ngenxa yesizathu. Eli libali le nto yayisemva.
The IYurophu YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu eyabhalwa ngowe-1949 nowe-1950 kwicandelo layo elingenkululeko nonqabiseko lomntu baye baphawula ngaphandle “kubantu abanengqondo ephilileyo, iindlamanzi okanye amakhoboka eziyobisi okanye ababhadulayo.” Umkhethe waqulunqwa ngummeli we-United Kingdom, iDenmark neSweden, ekhokelwa ngamaBritane. Kwakusekelwe kwinkxalabo yokuba imibhalo yamalungelo oluntu equlunqwe ngoko yafuna ukuphumeza amalungelo oluntu e-Universal kubandakanywa nabantu abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo, ephikisana nomthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo kula mazwe.
Intshukumo ye-Eugenics
Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, intshukumo ye-eugenics yexesha lethu yavela eUnited Kingdom. I-Eugenics yayisaziwa kwaye ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala ye-1900s, abantu abavela kwinkalo yezopolitiko ukwamkela imibono eugenic. Ngenxa yoko, amazwe amaninzi aquka i-United States, iKhanada, i-Australia, kunye namazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, kuquka i-Denmark, iJamani, ne-Sweden azibandakanye nemigaqo-nkqubo ye-eugenic, ejoliswe “ukuphucula umgangatho wemfuzo yabantu bawo”.
Iinkqubo ze-eugenics zibandakanya zombini ezibizwa ngokuba ngamanyathelo afanelekileyo, akhuthaza abantu ababonwa ngokukodwa "bekufanele" ukuvelisa, kunye nemilinganiselo engalunganga, efana nezithintelo zomtshato kunye nokuvalwa ngenkani kwabantu ekucingelwa ukuba abafanelanga ukuveliswa, okanye ngokulula ukubekwa kude kwabantu abanjalo eluntwini. . Abo babonwa "bangafanelekanga ukuvelisa" bahlala bequka abantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwengqondo okanye ngokomzimba, abantu abangazange benze kakuhle kwiimvavanyo ze-IQ, izigebenga, izinxila kunye "nabaphambukayo", kunye namalungu amaqela amancinci angavumelekanga.
EUnited Kingdom, i-Eugenics Education Society ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1900 yayinengqalelo ekhulayo “ekunyangelweni” kwenani leemeko zentlalo nezasemzimbeni okanye iimpawu phakathi kwabahluphekileyo. Ayequka ukukhotyokiswa butywala, ubugebenga, ukuthembela kwintlalontle, ukuthengisa ngomzimba, izifo ezifana negcushuwa nesifo sephepha; iingxaki zemithambo-luvo ezifana nokuxhuzula; iimeko zengqondo ezifana nokuphambana, kuquka i-hysteria kunye ne-melancholia; kunye "nengqondo ebuthathaka" - ligama lokubambisa kuye nabani na ekukholelwa ukuba akanaso isakhono sengqondo kunye nengqiqo yokuziphatha.
UMbutho awuzange ube mkhulu kakhulu, kodwa wawuthetha kakhulu yaye ubuxoki bawo babubonakalisa yaye bukhuthaza iimbono ezazikho kumanqanaba aphezulu oluntu, kuquka nakurhulumente.
Umbutho uququzelele i-First International Eugenics Congress kwi-1912, kwiYunivesithi yaseLondon, ukukhuthaza i-eugenics. Usekela mongameli we-Bhritane wenkongolo kuquka uNobhala weKhaya, uReginald McKenna.
© Wamkelekile Ngqokelela. I-Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
UMthetho woKunqongophala kwengqondo
Ukulandela ikongolose, uReginald McKenna, kamva ngo-1912 egameni likaRhulumente, waphehlelela umthetho oyilwayo osekwe kwi-eugenics oquka ukuvala inzala ngenkani. Yayilungiselelwe ukuthintela “abantliziyo zibuthathaka” ukuba babe ngabazali. Umthetho oyilwayo uye wachaswa ngamandla kwaye waba ngumxholo wengxoxo enkulu. Umthetho oyilwayo ukwifomu elungisiweyo waphunyezwa kunyaka olandelayo njengo UMthetho wokuDlala ngeNgqondo we-1913. Lo Mthetho ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yeqela eliphikisayo ukukhabile ukuvalwa inzala, kodwa wenze ukuba kwenzeke ngokusemthethweni ukwahlula "iziphene zengqondo" kwiindawo zokuhlala.
Ngalo Mthetho umntu othathwa ngokuba sisidenge okanye isibhanxa unokubekwa kwiziko okanye phantsi kogcino lomzali ukuba umzali okanye umgcini wakhe wenze isicelo esinjalo, njengokuba ebenokwenza umntu walo naluphi na uhlobo kwezine a) Izidenge, b) Izibhanxa, c) Obuthathaka. -abantu abanengqondo, kunye d) Nokuziphatha kakubi, abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-21. Ikwabandakanya abantu balo naluphi na udidi ababelahliwe, bengahoywanga, benetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho, kwiziko likarhulumente, abaqhele ukunxila, okanye abangakwaziyo ukuya esikolweni.
Amashumi amawaka abantu ngenxa yoko avaleleka kumaziko. Ngokutsho kolunye uphando, abantu abangama-65,000 bafakwa "kwiikholoni" okanye kwezinye iindawo zamaziko, kwinqanaba eliphezulu lokusebenza kwe-UK Mental Deficiency Act ka-1913.
UMnu. Bevan uMphathiswa wezeMpilo, wazisa iPalamente, ukuba phantsi kweMithetho yeLunacy kunye noNyango lwengqondo ngaphezu kwe-20.000 yabanjwa kumaziko ekuqaleni kowe-1945. Kwaye wongezelela, ukuba "Umlinganiselo omkhulu wezi zigulana ufuna ukujongwa kuphela. emva kodwa abo bafuna unyango balufumana kumagosa ezonyango eziko.”
Umthetho oyilwayo kunye nayo yonke imimiselo yawo yayisebenza ngokupheleleyo ngexesha leZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neBhunga le iYurophu yazisa imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe yamalungelo oluntu.
Eugenics eDenmark
Ngaphesheya koLwandle lwaseMntla, iDenmark - njengelizwe lokuqala eYurophu - yenza umthetho we-eugenics-based sterilization, njengomthetho wokulinga ngo-1929. , ekhokela umgudu.
Inkolelo kunye nengqikelelo ye-eugenic yahamba ngaphezu kokunyanzelisa inzala. Iphembelele iinkalo ezininzi zomgaqo-nkqubo wentlalontle. Kwiminyaka ye-1920 kunye ne-1930, xa i-eugenics yaba yinto efunekayo kunye nenxalenye ebalulekileyo yemodeli yophuhliso lwentlalo yoluntu eDenmark, ababhali abaninzi bavakalisa umnqweno wokuba nabantu abangekho yingozi abaphazamisekile engqondweni kwezinye iimeko kufuneka bangeniswe ngenkani kwisibhedlele sengqondo. indawo yokusabela).
Amandla okuqhuba le ngcamango yayingeyonkxalabo yomntu, kodwa inkxalabo yoluntu. Umtshutshisi Woluntu owaziwayo weNkundla Ephakamileyo, uOtto Schlegel, kwinqaku elikwiWeekly Journal of the Judiciary, wathi bonke ababhali, ngaphandle komnye, bacinga ukuba, “ithuba lokulaliswa esibhedlele ngokunyanzeliswa likwafanele livuleleke ukusa kumlinganiselo othile kubantu abaye bafa. mhlawumbi aziyongozi kodwa zingenako ukwenza izinto kwihlabathi langaphandle, igeza elizinkathazo eliziphatha ngendlela esongela ukutshabalalisa okanye ukuhlazisa izalamane zabo. Iingqwalasela zokunyanga ziye zacingelwa ukuba zithethelela ukulaliswa esibhedlele okusisinyanzelo kwiimeko ezithile. ”
Ngaloo ndlela, uMthetho weDanish Insanity Act wowe-1938 wazisa ithuba lokuba kuvalelwe abantu abangenabungozi. Kwakungekho nkxalabo yovelwano okanye ingcamango yokunceda abantu abasweleyo eyakhokelela ekuqalisweni koku kunokwenzeka kumthetho, kodwa ingcamango yoluntu apho izinto ezithile eziphazamisekileyo ngengqondo kunye "neengxaki" zingenandawo.
Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Eugenics ayizange ivunywe kwiNgqungquthela YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu
Kungenxa yolu kwamkelwa ngokubanzi kwe-eugenics njengenxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu wolawulo lwabemi ukuba ubani ajonge iinzame zabameli base-United Kingdom, i-Denmark kunye ne-Sweden kwinkqubo yokuqulunqa i-European Convention. Amalungelo abantu inkqubo yokuyila ecetyisiweyo kwaye iquke igatya lokukhululwa, eliya kugunyazisa umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente wokwahlula nokuvalela “abantu abanengqondo ephilileyo, amakhoboka otywala okanye iziyobisi kunye nababhaduli”.
