IEuropean Convention on Human Rights yaqulunqwa ngamaqela neengcali ngaphakathi kweBhunga laseYurophu ngo-1949-1950, ngokusekelwe kwidrafti yangaphambili eveliswe yi-European Movement.
Emva kweengxoxo ezinzulu, iBhunga leNdibano yaseYurophu lathumela isindululo salo soMqulu Wamalungelo Abantu, owawuqulunqwe ngamalungu epalamente angaphezu kwe-100 ngehlobo lowe-1949, kwiqumrhu elisenza izigqibo leBhunga, iKomiti yabaPhathiswa.
Iidrafti zeEuropean Movement, eyathi i-Consultative Assembly yeBhunga laseYurophu yaphenjelelwa kakhulu inika isiqinisekiso “senkululeko ekubanjweni ngokungekho mthethweni, eluvalelweni nasekugxothweni, kunye namanye amanyathelo, ngokungqinelana ne-Articles 9, 10 ne-11 Isindululo seZizwe Ezimanyeneyo samaLungelo oLuntu.”
Lo mbhalo awuzange uvelise nayiphi na ingxoxo kwiNdibano kwaye waphinda waphinda waphinda waphinda waphinda waphinda watshintshwa kwiSindululo seNdibano yowe-8 kaSeptemba 1949.
IKomiti yeeNgcali iyila isicatshulwa esitsha seNdibano
IKomiti yabaPhathiswa beBhunga le iYurophu yadibana ngoNovemba 1949, kwaye emva kophononongo wala ukwamkela iSivumelwano esiyidrafti esilungiselelwe yiNdibano. Eyona nto yayixhalabisa kakhulu yayikukuba amalungelo okuqinisekiswa abalwa nje, kwaye ulawulo lwezithintelo kumalungelo luqulethwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo.
IKomiti yabaPhathiswa ngoko yahlaba ikhwelo lokuba kusekwe ikomiti yeengcali zomthetho ukuze yenze idrafti yeNgqungquthela eya kusebenza njengesiseko sengxoxo yexesha elizayo. Banike iSindululo seNdibano a Amalungelo abantu Umqulu weKomiti yeeNgcali zamaLungelo oLuntu esandula ukusekwa. IKomiti inikwe umsebenzi wokumisela ukuba ngaba amalungelo kufuneka achazwe ngokuchanekileyo ngakumbi, umzekelo ukuwabeka ngokuhambelana nomthetho kunye neemeko ezikhoyo, okanye ushiywe njengenkcazo jikelele yemigaqo.
Isigunyaziso seKomiti yeeNgcali sathi: “ingqalelo efanelekileyo mayinikwe kwinkqubela phambili ethe yazuzwa kulo mba ngamaqumrhu afanelekileyo eZizwe eziManyeneyo”.
Uyilo lwamazwe ngamazwe Umnqophiso wamaLungelo oLuntu eyalungiselelwa yiKomishoni YeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo Yamalungelo Abantu phakathi kowe-1949, yayiquka inqaku elithetha ngonqabiseko lomntu, elathi:
"1. Akukho mntu uya kubanjwa okanye avalelwe ngaphandle kwesizathu.
2. Akukho mntu uya kuhluthwa inkululeko yakhe ngaphandle kwaloo mihlaba kwaye ngokungqinelana nenkqubo emiselwe ngumthetho."
IKomiti yeeNgcali iqhubele phambili kwicala lokuncitshiswa kwamalungelo kuqulunqo lwemithetho encomekayo ebonakala isebenze injongo yokukhusela umdla wombuso kunomdla womntu. Urhulumente wayeza konwabela ukhuseleko lomthetho kwamanye amazwe, le yayiyeyona mbono iphambili.
ICouncil of Europe's Committee of Experts on Human Rights yanikwa “amagqabantshintshi kaRhulumente waseUnited Kingdom afunyenwe nguNobhala-Jikelele” ngomhla wesi-4 kuJanuwari 1950. Kula magqabaza uRhulumente wase-UK phakathi kwabanye uye wacebisa ukuba kwenziwe izilungiso kwinqaku elingokhuseleko lwelizwe. umntu omisela umda kubantu abathile. Bakubeka oku ngokuthi, “ukugcinwa ngokusemthethweni kwabantu abanengqondo ephilileyo okanye abantwana, ngocwangco olusemthethweni, ngenjongo yokubekw’ esweni ngemfundo.”
Urhulumente wase-UK wayesele eyinxalenye yokungeniswa okunomxholo ofanayo kwiKomishoni yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yamaLungelo oLuntu malunga noyilo lwaphakathi ku-1949 lweZizwe ngezizwe. Umnqophiso wamaLungelo oLuntu. Kwakusekelwe kwinkxalabo yokuba isicatshulwa samalungelo oluntu esiqulunqiweyo sifuna ukuphumeza amalungelo oluntu jikelele kubandakanywa nabantu abaneengxaki zengqondo (ukukhubazeka kwengqondo), ephikisana nomthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wentlalontle e-UK nakwamanye amazwe.
Kwintlanganiso yayo yokuqala eyaqhutywa ngoFebruwari 1950, iKomiti Yeengcaphephe Ngamalungelo Abantu yaqwalasela izindululo ezaqalwa ngamalungu ayo aliqela. Ilungu laseSweden, uMgwebi uTorsten Salén wabonisa ukuba kufanele ukuba kwenzeke ukuba urhulumente athathe "amanyathelo ayimfuneko" ukulwa nokungahambi kunye nokusela utywala.
UMhlekazi uOscar Dowson (eUnited Kingdom) waphinda isindululo sikarhulumente wakhe ngokukodwa inqaku elimalunga nenkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu ingakumbi elijoliswe kubantu abaphazamisekileyo ngokwasengqondweni (ngamanye amazwi abantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni).
Uyilo lokuqala lweNgqungquthela ekugqibeleni ekuvunyelwene ngalo yiKomiti yeeNgcali ekupheleni kwentlanganiso yayo yokuqala yaphinda igama negama amanqaku eSibhengezo seHlabathi liphela ngamalungelo obomi nokuba: “Akukho mntu uya kubanjwa ngokungekho mthethweni, avalelwe okanye agxothwe. ”
AbaseBrithani balandela oku banikeze isilungiso esitsha ngokuguqulwa kombhalo omncinci, kodwa kunye nomxholo ofanayo nesiphakamiso sabo sangaphambili, kwintlanganiso elandelayo yeKomiti yoYilo. Le Komiti yayiquka uMhlekazi uOscar Dowson (ofake esi siphakamiso), uMnu. Martin Le Quesne (unozakuzaku weSebe lezangaphandle laseUnited Kingdom), uMnu. Birger Dons-Møller (unozakuzaku weSebe leMicimbi yaNgaphandle yaseDenmark) kunye noMgwebi uTorsten Salén (eSweden).
Ngeli xesha iKomiti yamalungu amane - amabini kuwo ayevela e-UK, enye evela eDenmark (eyayixhasa isiphakamiso sokuqala sase-UK) kunye nelinye laseSweden - libandakanya i-UK kunye ne-Sweden ecetywayo yezilungiso kwiNgqungquthela. Ngesi sihlomelo inqaku elingokhuseleko lomntu likhethe “abantu abanengqondo ephilileyo, amakhoboka otywala okanye iziyobisi okanye ababhaduli” kubemi ngokubanzi.
Ukugqityezelwa kweNgqungquthela
Idrafti yeNgqungquthela ekugqibeleni yangeniswa kwiKomiti yabaPhathiswa yiKomiti yeeNgcali iqulethe amaNqaku amabini ahambelana neSiqendu 5 sangoku, ngenkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu.
Olu qulunqo lweNgqungquthela lwaphononongwa yiNkomfa yamaGosa aPhezulu, eyahlangana ngoJuni ka-1950. Babenemiba emininzi yokuxoxa, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo ayizange iwubuyise umbhalo wenqaku lenkululeko nokhuseleko lwabantu. INgxelo neSindululo seNgqungquthela esamkelwa yiNkomfa Yamagosa Aphezulu zasiwa phambi kweKomiti yaBaphathiswa beBhunga laseYurophu ngoAgasti 1950. NgoAgasti 7, ngoAgasti 1950, XNUMX, iKomiti yabaPhathiswa yavumelana ngoqulunqo oluyilwayo oluthi “uMgaqo-siseko Wokukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Abantu kunye noMgaqo-siseko Wokukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Abantu. Iinkululeko ezisisiseko.”
Ngomhla wesi-3 kuNovemba 1950, iKomiti yeeNgcali zezoMthetho yawuhlolisisa okokugqibela umbhalo weNdibano yaza yenza izilungiso eziliqela kwifomu nokuguqulela. Ngeso sihlandlo, iGatya lesi-5 lalungiswa kancinane, yaye akukho nalinye kuzo elinxibelelene nokukhululwa ngokuthe ngqo “kubantu abanengqondo ephilileyo, iindlamanzi okanye iziyobisi okanye ababhaduli.” Ngaloo ndlela iNdibano yafumana indlela yayo yokugqibela. Ngosuku olulandelayo kwatyikitywa iSivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu.
Ingqungquthela yaseYurophu igunyazisa ukuhluthwa inkululeko ngenxa “yempambano”
ISiqendu sesi-5 seNgqungquthela ngelungelo lenkululeko kunye nokhuseleko lomntu ngomsebenzi waBameli base-United Kingdom, Dominikha kunye neSweden, njengoko kuyalelwa ngabakhulileyo babo kwiSebe leMicimbi yezaNgaphandle, ke ngoko baye baquka ulwimi oluthile oluvumela ukuvalelwa ngokusemthethweni kwengqiqo ebanzi nengachazwanga “yabantu abanengqondo ephilileyo” kuphela ngenxa yokuba bakhubazekile okanye bakholelwa ukuba bakhubazekile ngokwasengqondweni. Ngamanye amazwi, kubhaliwe kwiNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oLuntu ukuba izibophelelo zengqondo ezingenakuzithandela kwaye ngaphezu koko, ukuhluthwa inkululeko yabantu abanxila kunye nabaphambukayo kuhambelana nomgangatho wamalungelo oluntu aseYurophu ukuba nje oku kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kumthetho welizwe.
Lo mhlathi weNgqungquthela awuzange uhlonyelwe ukususela ngoko, kwaye usasebenza.
