Kuvaliwe, ngani? Wayephucwe inkululeko ngenxa nje yokuthi wayedidekile futhi edlale umculo ozwakalayo kusihlwa. Umakhelwane ushayele amaphoyisa ucingo, athola ukuthi umuzi wakhe ungcolile wacela ukuthi ahlolwe. Wayengenangqondo, futhi engakholwa ukuthi udinga usizo lochwepheshe. Wayazi kahle ukuthi yini engenzeka, wayevalelwe egunjini labagula ngengqondo eminyakeni ethile edlule. Nokho uphuthunyiswe esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo lapho evalelwe khona ngemuva kwehora.
Ubengenzanga bugebengu, engazibulali futhi engazibulali muntu. Lona wesifazane oneminyaka engu-45 ubudala wayaziwa abangani bakhe njengomKristu onokuthula futhi okhuthele emphakathini wakubo. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi impilo yakhe yayiba nzima kakhulu futhi kwakunjalo lapha. Wayazi ukuthi udinga ukuphumula futhi wayezoya eholidini, futhi wayedlala umculo ngesikhathi epakishela uhambo lwakhe ngakusasa. Umqondo wakhe wawukwenye indawo lapho amaphoyisa ekhala insimbi okwesibili ngalobo busuku. Akakwazanga ukuchaza waze waphelela ewodini labagula ngengqondo.
Indaba engenhla ingase ingajwayelekile e-Denmark, njengoba bayanda abantu abavalelwe ewodini labagula ngengqondo. Futhi akwenzeki ezigebengwini ezihlanyayo eziyingozi kuphela, kwenzeka kubantu abaningi. Naphezu komthetho ovimbelayo, izimiso zokuvikela ezicacile, kanye nenqubomgomo ecacile yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo eziphoqelelayo kwezokwelapha zengqondo, ngonyaka odlule kwabona inani eliphakeme kakhulu labantu eliphucwa inkululeko yabo kwezokwelashwa kwengqondo. Futhi ibilokhu ikhula kancane iminyaka.
Umthetho Wezengqondo
Kunezindlela eziningana umuntu angaphucwa ngazo inkululeko yakhe kwezokwelashwa kwengqondo eDenmark. Izimo, imibandela kanye nokuvikela ekuhlukunyezweni kubekwe emthethweni oyisipesheli, i-Psychiatry Act. Ukuncishwa inkululeko kanye nokusetshenziswa kokuphoqelela noma ukuphoqelela kungase kusetshenziswe lapho kungenakwenzeka ukuthola ukubambisana komuntu ngokuzithandela futhi ukungenelela kubhekwa njengokuhambisana nesimiso esincane sezindlela [ukungenelela okuncane okungenele].
Umthetho udinga ukuthi umuntu angakwazi futhi kufanele avalelwe uma edinga ukwelashwa, angeke avume ngokuzithandela isicelo sokwamukelwa futhi kuhlangatshezwana nemibandela elandelayo:
- umuntu uyahlanya noma usesimweni esihambisana nokusangana kanye
- Akunangqondo ukungamvaleli umuntu ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukwelashwa ngoba: (a) Ithemba lokululama noma lentuthuko ephawulekayo neqinisekile ekuguleni bekuyoba nokonakala kakhulu; noma (b) Umuntu ubeka ingozi eseduze nenkulu kuyena noma kwabanye.
Akukho ukulalelwa kwenkantolo okuzokwenziwa ukuze kuphucwe inkululeko kube semthethweni. Ingenziwa ngesikhathi udokotela wengqondo eseqinisekise ukuthi ngokombono wakhe ukwelashwa akholelwa ukuthi angakunikeza kuyadingeka. Umuntu ongaphansi angakhononda, kodwa lokhu akuvimbeli ukwenziwa kokuphucwa inkululeko.
Lokhu kuholele ekwenyukeni njalo kokusetshenziswa kwalokhu kubopha ngempumelelo izinkulungwane zabantu minyaka yonke.
3 izibalo mayelana nokuzibophezela okungafuneki
Eugenics
Amathuba okukhomba abantu abaningi kangaka ngokungenelela okungathi sína - ukuphucwa inkululeko - asuka kuma-1920s kanye nawo-1930s, lapho ama-eugenics eba yimfuneko kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yemodeli yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle eDenmark. Ngaleso sikhathi bayanda ababhali bezwakalisa isifiso sokuthi ngisho “abaphambukayo” abangeyona ingozi bangeniswe ngenkani esikhungweni sezengqondo.
Amandla ashukumisa lo mbono kwakungekona ukukhathazeka komuntu, kodwa ukukhathazeka ngomphakathi noma umndeni. Umbono womphakathi lapho izici "eziphambukayo" kanye "nezinkinga" zingenayo indawo.
NgokoMshushisi Womphakathi waseDenmark owayedume ngaleso sikhathi weNkantolo Ephakeme, Otto Schlegel, esihlokweni seDanish Weekly Journal of the Judiciary, bonke ababhali, ngaphandle koyedwa, babecabanga ukuthi “ithuba lokulaliswa esibhedlela okuyimpoqo kufanele futhi livuleleke ngezinga elithile kubantu okungenzeka ukuthi abayona ingozi kodwa abangakwazi ukwenza okuthile ngaphandle, uhlanya oluyinkathazo olukuziphatha kwabo kusongela ukucekela phansi noma ukuhlazisa izihlobo zabo. Ukucatshangelwa kokwelapha kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi kuthethelele ukulaliswa esibhedlela okuyimpoqo ezimweni ezithile. "
Ngakho-ke, iDanish Insanity Act ka-1938 yethula ithuba lokuvalela abantu abangenangqondo abangeyona ingozi. Umqondo oshayelayo ngemuva komqondo wokuphuca othintekayo inkululeko yakhe, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kususwe labo abangakwazi ukusebenza ngokwanele emphakathini - lokho okubizwa ngokuthi uhlanya olunzima nolunhlanhla olungeyona ingozi - kwakungeyona into ekhathaza umuntu, kodwa. ukukhathazeka ngomphakathi. Kwakungekhona ukukhathazeka okunozwelo noma umqondo wokusiza abantu abadinga usizo okwaholela ekwethulweni kwalokhu okungenzeka emthethweni, kodwa umqondo womphakathi lapho izici eziphambukayo kanye “nezinkathazo” zingenayo indawo. Phela ukuziphatha kwabo kungasongela ukucekela phansi noma ukuhlazisa izihlobo zabo.
Ukuphucwa inkululeko kwabahlanya ngokomlando kwakusekelwe kumgomo womthetho ophuthumayo. Kuze kube ngu-1938, isisekelo esingokomthetho sokuphuca abahlanya inkululeko yabo sasisatholakala ku-Danish Law 1-19-7 of 1683 kanye nakumthetho wakamuva. Imithetho yokuphucwa inkululeko yabahlanya ihlanganisa kuphela abantu abasangene abangase babhekwe njengengozi ekuphepheni okuvamile noma kubo ngokwabo noma endaweni yabo.
Nge I-eugenics yathonya i-Insanity Act ka-1938 lokhu kwashintsha, futhi ithuba lokuboshwa kwabantu abangeyona ingozi abakhonjwa njengecala lezinkinga zomphakathi ligcinwe kusukela kuMthetho omusha Wezengqondo..
Ukugcinwa
Ukuncishwa inkululeko yokuya kodokotela bengqondo ngaphezu kokulanda abantu ezindlini zabo noma emgwaqweni nakho kungenziwa nakubantu abazilalisa ngokuzithandela ngokwabo esibhedlela.
Uma umuntu ozingenise esibhedlela sezifo zengqondo ecela ukuba akhululwe, udokotela omkhulu kufanele anqume ukuthi isiguli singakhululwa noma kufanele sigcinwe ngenkani. Isifiso somuntu sokudedelwa singase sibe sobala (ufuna ukukhululwa), kodwa futhi kungase kube ukuziphatha komuntu okufanele kufane nesifiso sokukhululwa.
Ngokomthetho isiguli esamukelwe ngokuzithandela singavalelwa futhi kufanele sivalelwe uma umuntu ecela ukukhululwa ngesikhathi ehlangabezana nemibandela yokungeniswa ngempoqo ngaphansi koMthetho Wezengqondo.
Ngaphambi kwalokhu, imvume yesiguli yokuqhubeka nokungena ngokuzithandela izofunwa ngokuhambisana nesimiso sezindlela ezincane.
Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-25 kunentando yezombangazwe kanye nekahulumeni ecacile kakhulu yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwempoqo kudokotela wengqondo eDenmark. Kodwa-ke, le nhloso ayibonakali empilweni yansuku zonke nokusebenza emawadini abagula ngengqondo. Ngakho-ke, umuntu ubuye aphawule ukwanda okukhulu kokugcinwa okungenakuzikhethela.
Ngokungeziwe kuzibophezelo ezivamile nokugcinwa, kusekhona enye inqubo engacacile esetshenziselwa ukuphoqelela ukuzibophezela ewadini labagula ngengqondo ngaphandle kokuthi kubonakale njengokuzibophezela okungahleliwe, naphezu kokuthi kungqubuzana nemvume yomuntu othintekayo. Lokhu inkantolo inqume ukulashwa ngokwengqondo ngokomthetho wamaCriminal. Ngakho izinkulungwane zabantu namuhla zihlala emphakathini kodwa zingalandwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi lapho zingeke zilandele imiyalelo yokwelashwa futhi zivalelwe ewodini labagula ngengqondo. Uma lokhu sekwenziwe, akubhekwa njengokuzibophezela okungafuneki.
Umthetho obangela ukuphoqa
Ukuncishwa inkululeko ekuhlolweni kwengqondo kuyanda unyaka nonyaka emashumini eminyaka adlule futhi kudlula kude ukwanda kweziguli ezigula ngengqondo noma ukukhula kwenani labantu.
Ngemizamo yokugudluza ohulumeni baseDenmark kanye nenhloso yepolitiki ngazwi linye yokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo eziphoqayo kudokotela wengqondo, ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kanye nemizamo yokuphatha emaphakathi yokwenza lokhu umuntu angabona iqiniso nje lokuba khona kwegunya elisemthethweni lokusebenzisa noma zidinga ukusetshenziswa kokuphoqelela njengesizathu somkhuba wokushelela, ngokuncishwa okwandayo kwenkululeko kudokotela wengqondo.
