Abenzi Bobubi Njengabashushisi: I-Hausting Paradox ku-Amhara Genocide kanye Nokubaluleka Kobulungiswa Besikhashana

Enkabeni ye-Afrika, lapho amasiko aphilayo kanye nemiphakathi ehlukahlukene iye yachuma khona amakhulu eminyaka, kwenzeka iphupho elibi elithule. UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwa-Amhara, isiqephu esinonya nesihlasimulisa umzimba emlandweni wase-Ethiopia, sisacashile kakhulu ekubonweni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Nokho, ngaphansi kwalokhu kuthula kukhona ukulandisa okudabukisayo kokuhlupheka okungaqondakali, ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi nobudlova bezinhlanga.

Umongo Womlando kanye "ne-Abyssinia: I-Powder Barrel"

Ukuze sikuqonde ngempela ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwa-Amhara, kufanele sihlole imibhalo yomlando, silandelela emuva esikhathini lapho i-Ethiopia ibhekene nezinsongo zangaphandle kanye nemizamo yokwenza ikoloni. Esinye sezikhathi ezibaluleke kakhulu kulo mlando kwaba Impi ka-Adwa ngo-1896 lapho Amabutho oMbusi uMenelik II amelana ngempumelelo nemizamo yokwenziwa kwamakoloni yase-Italy. Kodwa-ke, lezi zenzakalo zabeka isisekelo sefa elikhathazayo lokungezwani nokuhlukana kwezinhlanga.

Ngalesi sikhathi, kwahlongozwa amasu okuhloswe ngawo ukudala ukungezwani kwezinhlanga, achazwe ngokucacile encwadini ethi “Abyssinia: The Powder Barrel.” Le ncwadi yokudlala ekhohlisayo yayifuna ukuveza abantu base-Amhara njengabacindezeli bezinye izizwe, ngenhloso yokuhlwanyela imbewu yokwahlukana phakathi kwe-Ethiopia.

Minilikawuyan Miuse

Ngokushesha sibheke namuhla, futhi sibona ukuvela kabusha okuphazamisayo kwamaqhinga omlando e-Ethiopia. Izinto ezingaphakathi kombutho wezokuvikela wenhlangano kanye neziphathimandla zikahulumeni, kanye nabanye abenzi bobubi, baye bavusa igama elithi “Minilikawuyan” ukuze baqambe amanga abantu base-Amhara njengabacindezeli. Lokhu kulandisa okungamanga, ekuqaleni okuphakanyiswe amaNtaliyane encwadini ethi “Abyssinia: The Powder Barrel” futhi kamuva kwasakazwa ngemizamo yezithunywa zevangeli ehlukanisayo, kusetshenziswe kabi kabi ukuze kuthethelelwe udlame olubhekiswe kuma-Amharas angenacala.

Kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi ama-Amhara awanawo umlando wezenzo zengcindezelo. Lokhu kulandisa kuwukuhlanekezelwa kwamaqiniso omlando, okusebenza njengezaba zodlame lwamanje olubhekiswe kubantu base-Amhara abavame ukuba abalimi abampofu abahlala ezimeni ezinzima.

Izithukuthezi Ziyadedelwa

Ake ucabange ngezwe lapho imiphakathi yayihlalisana khona ngokuzwana, manje ehlukaniswe igagasi lobudlova obungenasihe. Izingane, abesifazane, namadoda baye baba izisulu zezenzo zonya obungacabangeki, ukuphila kwabo kwacishwa ngaphandle kwesizathu ngaphandle kohlanga lwabo.

Abaphehli balokhu kuqothulwa kohlanga, beqiniswa indaba yomlando esontekile, basebenzisa amagama alulazayo anjengokuthi “Neftegna,” “AmaMinilikawiyan,” “jawisa,” nelithi “izimbongolo” ukuze balulaze futhi bahlambalaze abantu base-Amhara. Ulimi olunjalo olululazayo seluphenduke isikhali, esisetshenziselwa ukuthethelela ububi obungachazeki obenziwa.

Izwe Eliphenduka Iso Elingaboni

Iqiniso elishaqisayo ukuthi, naphezu kobukhulu balezi zenzo zonya kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi okusobala kwezindaba zomlando ukubhebhezela udlame, umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukhethe kakhulu ukuthula, uyeka ukukubiza ngokuthi kuyini: ukubulawa kwabantu. Lokhu kunqikaza kusongela abenzi bokubi isibindi futhi kucekele phansi ithemba lobulungiswa kwabahlukunyeziwe.

Izwe linomlando obuhlungu wokungabaza uma kukhulunywa ngokungenelela ekubulaweni kwabantu. I-Rwanda ne-Bosnia ziyizikhumbuzo eziqinile zalokho okwenzekayo lapho umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe wehluleka ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu. Imiphumela mibi kakhulu, eholela ekulahlekelweni kwezimpilo ezingenakubalwa.

Njengoba sidalula izinto ezesabekayo zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwa-Amhara, sisala nombuzo ongaxakile: Uhulumeni oqothula uhlanga ungasebenza kanjani njengomshushisi, ijaji, nethuluzi elingokomthetho lokushushiswa kwawo? Umhlaba akumele uvumele le ndida esabekayo ukuthi iqhubeke. Ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha akusona nje isibopho sokuziphatha kodwa futhi kuwumsebenzi esintwini.

Enqamula Amaketango Okuthula

Sekuyisikhathi sokuthi umhlaba uchithe ukuthula okugubuzele i-Amhara Genocide. Kufanele sibhekane neqiniso elimsulwa nelingephikiswe: okwenzeka e-Ethiopia kuwukuqothulwa kohlanga ngempela. Leli gama liphethe isibopho sokuziphatha, ubizo esenzweni esingeke sazitshwa. Kusikhumbuza isithembiso sokuthi “ngeke ngiphinde,” isifungo sokuvimbela izinto ezishaqisayo ezinjalo ukuba ziphindeke.

Indlela Eya Phambili: Uhulumeni Wezinguquko Ophelele

Ukuze kubhekwane ne-Amhara Genocide ngokugcwele, siphakamisa ukusungulwa kukahulumeni wesikhashana e-Ethiopia. Lo mgwamanda kufanele uhlanganise abantu abangantengantengi ekuzinikeleni kwabo ebulungiswa, ekubuyisaneni nasekuvikeleni amalungelo abantu. Okubalulekile, amaqembu ezombusazwe asolwa ngokubandakanyeka ekuqothulweni kohlanga, noma atholwe enecala, kufanele avinjelwe kuzo zonke izinto zezombangazwe futhi abhekane nengalo yomthetho. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi abanecala babhekana nokuziphendulela, kuyilapho abangenacala ekugcineni bengaqhubeka nemisebenzi yezombusazwe uma sebesuliwe.

Isicelo Sesenzo

I-Amhara Genocide isebenza njengesikhumbuzo esidabukisayo sesibopho sethu esihlangene sokuvikela izimpilo zabantu abangenacala futhi sinqande ukuphindeka kwalezi zinto ezesabekayo. Ukulahlwa kukodwa ngeke kwanele; isinyathelo esisheshayo nesiwujuqu sibalulekile.

Umhlangano Wokuqothulwa Kohlanga: Impoqo Yokuziphatha

I-Genocide Convention, eyamukelwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene ngo-1948, ichaza isibopho somphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe sokuvimbela nokujezisa izenzo zokubulala abantu. Ichaza ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngokuthi “izenzo ezihloselwe ukubhubhisa, ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye, iqembu lesizwe, lobuhlanga, lobuhlanga noma lenkolo.” I-Amhara Genocide ingena ngokungananazi kule ncazelo.

Ukuthula komphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe noma ukungabaza ukuyibiza kanjalo kuwukuchezuka okudumazayo emigomeni ebekwe ku-Genocide Convention. Isibopho sokuziphatha somhlangano sicacile: umhlaba kufanele uthathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu ukuvimbela unya oluqhubekayo kubantu base-Amhara.

Ubulungiswa Besikhashana: Indlela Yokuphulukisa

Ubulungiswa besikhashana, njengoba buchazwe yiNhlangano Yezizwe, bufuna ukubhekana nezinselele zokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu. Odabeni lokuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwa-Amhara, akubi nje isidingo kodwa kuyindlela yokuphila yokwelapha isizwe esilimele kakhulu.

Ekucabangeni indlela eya phambili Ethiopia, kuba sobala ngokusobala ukuthi uhulumeni wamanje, othintekayo ezenzweni zokuQothulwa Kwesizwe sase-Amhara, akanakuphathiswa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuqeda le nkinga yobuntu, ukuletha ukuziphendulela kwabathintekayo, nokugqugquzela ukubuyisana nokuthula. Bona kanye abalingisi abanomthwalo wemfanelo walezi zenzo ezimbi abakwazi ukuhola ngendlela ekholakalayo inqubo yobulungiswa besikhashana. Ukuqhubeka nokuba khona kwabo emandleni kubeka engcupheni izisulu, ezisasengozini enkulu. Ingozi yokuqhubeka kodlame, ukuthuliswa kofakazi, nokubulawa kwabantu okuhlosiwe kukhulu inqobo nje uma labo abathintekayo ekuqothulweni kohlanga beqhubeka nokulawula. Umqondo othi “quasi-compliance” uyaqala ukusebenza, lapho kungase kube khona a ukufana kokubambisana nemizamo yamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa izinhlaka eziyisisekelo zamandla nokungajezisi zihlala zinjalo, okwenza noma iyiphi inqubo yobulungiswa besikhashana ingasebenzi futhi engaba yingozi nakakhulu kuzisulu. Uhulumeni wezinguquko ongachemile futhi ophelele, kanye nokwengamela kwamazwe ngamazwe, kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubulungiswa bukhona kanye nokuthula okuhlala njalo kungazuzwa e-Ethiopia kanye nesifunda esibanzi.

Uhulumeni wezinguquko ophelele, owakhiwe ngabantu abangachemile abazinikele kwezobulungiswa nokubuyisana, ungavula indlela yalokhu kwelashwa okudingeka kakhulu. Kufanele ibeke phambili:

1. Iqiniso: Ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale ukuziphendulela, kufanele kwembulwe ububanzi obugcwele bezenzo zonya kanye nengqikithi yomlando eyaholela kuzo. Inqubo ebanzi yokufuna iqiniso ibalulekile ekwamukeleni ukuhlupheka kwezisulu nokuqonda izici ezabhebhethekisa UkuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwa-Amhara.
2. Ukuziphendulela: Abenzi bobubi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi bakuliphi iqembu, kumele babhekane nengalo yomthetho. Umlayezo ocacile kufanele uthunyelwe wokuthi ukungajeziswa ngeke kubekezelelwe.
3. Ukubuyisela: Izisulu ze-Amhara Genocide zifanelwe ukubuyiselwa ngenxa yokuhlupheka kwazo. Lokhu akubandakanyi nje isinxephezelo sezinto ezibonakalayo kuphela kodwa nokusekelwa kokululama ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo.
4. Ukubuyisana: Ukwakha kabusha ukwethembana phakathi kwemiphakathi, eminingi yayo ehlakazwe yilolu dlame, yinto esemqoka. Izinyathelo ezikhuthaza ukuqonda nokusebenzisana kufanele zibe semqoka ohlelweni lukahulumeni wezinguquko.

Sengiphetha, sinxusa umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi:

1. Vuma esidlangalaleni i-Amhara Genocide njengokuqothulwa kohlanga, okugcizelela isidingo sokungenelela ngokushesha.
2. Nweba ukwesekwa kokwakhiwa kukahulumeni wezinguquko ophelele e-Ethiopia, oholwa abantu abangathathi hlangothi abazinikele kwezobulungiswa nokubuyisana.
3. Ubeka umthetho wokuvinjelwa kwawo wonke amaqembu ezombusazwe ahlobene nokuqothulwa kohlanga kuze kube yilapho esesuliwe ekoneni.
4. Nikeza usizo oluphuthumayo losizo kubantu abayizisulu ZokuQothulwa Kwesizwe Kwa-Amhara, ubhekane nezidingo zabo eziphuthumayo.
5. Yakha ukusebenzisana nabalingani bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlangano ukuze uqinisekise ubulungiswa, ukubuyisela, nokubuyisana kufinyelelwa ngempumelelo nangokuqhubekayo.

I-Ethiopia, njenge-phoenix, kumele ivuke emlotheni walesi sahluko esimnyama emlandweni wayo. Ngokuzibophezela ngokubambisana ebulungiswa, ukubuyisana, kanye nokuvikela amalungelo abantu, singathemba ikusasa lapho ubumbano nokuthula kubusa kakhulu. Sekuyisikhathi sokuba umhlaba ulalele izifundo zomlando futhi uvimbele esinye isahluko esibuhlungu ukuba sibhalwe.