IKomiti ye-Bioethics yeBhunga laseYurophu kwiminyaka edlulileyo ilungiselela isixhobo esitsha somthetho malunga nokusetyenziswa kokunyanzeliswa kwengqondo. Esi sixhobo ngokobuchwephesha siProtokholi kwiNgqungquthela yeBiomedical, kwaye sitsala amandla aso ekubeni kwandiswe kwaloo Ngqungquthela. Uphando olutsha lwamaxwebhu oqobo lweBhunga laseYurophu lufumene ukuba kwiingcambu zeencwadi zereferensi, ukuba iKomiti ye-Bioethics isekela iProtocol, isicatshulwa soxwebhu olusemthethweni olwadalwa ukugunyazisa i-Eugenics yabangela umthetho kunye nezenzo. Oku kuyaziwa yiKomiti, nokuba uSihlalo akawazisanga onke amalungu ayo.
IKomiti ukuza kuthi ga ngoku sele iqhubela phambili ekugqibezeleni iProtocol yokuvota ngomhla we-2 ngoNovemba 2021, ngelixa isazi ukuba iya kubeka onke amalungu eBhunga laseYurophu kwingxabano yomthetho, njengoko iProtocol iphikisana namalungelo oluntu ngamazwe. Indibano evunywe ngamazwe angama-46 kwangama-47 angamalungu eBhunga laseYurophu. IKomiti yeBioethics nangona kunjalo iqhubekile ngoko igxininisa a Eugenics isiporho eYurophu kunye nokutshabalalisa iinzame zamazwe ngamazwe zokudala amalungelo oluntu jikelele kumntu wonke.
IProtocol ngokuchasene namalungelo oluntu amazwe ngamazwe
IKomiti emalunga neBioethics isebenza ngokusekwe kwimiyalelo yebhunga elithatha izigqibo, iKomiti yabaPhathiswa, echazwe ngokwemigaqo yayo. IKomiti yabaPhathiswa nangona kunjalo isebenza ngolwazi malunga nalo mba ukhethekileyo oye wachazwa waza wabonelelwa yiKomiti ye-Bioethics. Kuye kwalungelelaniswa ukususela ekuqaleni nguNksz Laurence Lwoff, uNobhala weKomiti.
Ngale ndlela iKomiti ye-Bioethics iye yakwazi ukubeka umgca okhuselekayo wezopolitiko kumzimba wayo ophezulu kunye nehlabathi ngokubanzi, ngelixa ngokwenene isebenza nenye i-ajenda.
Oku kuqale phambi kokuba isigqibo sokuyila iprotocol eyongezelelweyo sithathwe yiKomiti yabaPhathiswa. Ngo-2011 utshintshiselwano olungekho sikweni lwezimvo malunga nomnqophiso wamalungelo oluntu wamazwe ngamazwe, i INgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo (CRPD), ngakumbi iNqaku le-14 – Inkululeko kunye nokhuseleko lomntu, yabanjwa kwiKomiti yeBioethics. IKomiti ithathele ingqalelo ukuba iProtocol yeBhunga laseYurophu ingangqubana njani neCRPD, ngakumbi ngokubhekiselele kunyango oluzenzekelayo kunye namanyathelo okubekwa.
INgqungquthela kunye neeNgcaciso zayo ngokubanzi zicacile. IKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yamaLungelo abantu abaKhubazekileyo nangona kunjalo kwingxelo eya kwiKomiti yeBioethics kamva yacacisa ukuba “ukubekwa ngokuzithandela okanye ukumiselwa kwabo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo, ingakumbi abantu abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni okanye ngokwasengqondweni, kuquka abantu ‘abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. ', ikhutshwe kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yenqaku le-14 leNgqungquthela, kwaye ibonisa ukuhluthwa kwabantu abakhubazekileyo ngokungenamkhethe nangokunocalucalulo njengoko kuqhutywa ngesiseko sokonakaliswa kokwenyani okanye okucingelwayo.”
IKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo iphinde yabonisa ukuba amaqela e-United States kufuneka "aphelise imigaqo-nkqubo, imimiselo yomthetho kunye nolawulo oluvumela okanye luqhube unyango olunyanzelwayo, njengoko lunyanzeliso oluqhubekayo olufumaneka kwimithetho yezempilo yengqondo emhlabeni jikelele, nangona ubungqina obunobungqina obubonisa ukungabikho kokusebenza kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokunyanzeliswa. iimbono zabantu abasebenzisa iinkqubo zempilo yengqondo abaye bafumana iintlungu ezinzulu kunye nokwenzakala ngenxa yonyango olunyanzelwayo. "
“Ukuzinikela ngokuzithandela kwabantu abakhubazekileyo ngezizathu zokhathalelo lwempilo kuphikisana nokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kokuvinjwa kwenkululeko ngokwesiseko sothintelo (inqaku le-14(1)(b)) kunye nomgaqo wemvume ekhululekileyo nenolwazi lomntu ochaphazelekayo kukhathalelo lwempilo (inqaku le-25(XNUMX)(b)) Inqaku lama-XNUMX).
– IKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamaLungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo, iNgxelo kwiKomiti yeBhunga laseYurophu kwi-Bioethics, epapashwe kwi-DH-BIO/INF (2015) 20
IKomiti ye-Bioethics yeBhunga laseYurophu ngenxa yokutshintshiselana ngezimvo ngaphakathi kweKomiti ngokwayo yamkele a Ingxelo ngeNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamaLungelo waBantu abaKhubazekileyo ngoNovemba 2011. Le ngxelo nangona ibonakala iphathelele iCRPD eneneni iqwalasela kuphela iNkomfa yeKomiti, kunye nembekiselo yayo—iNgqungquthela YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu.
Le ngxelo ithi iKomiti yaqwalasela iNkomfa yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo, ingakumbi ukuba inqaku le-14, ele-15 nele-17 liyangqinelana “nokubekwa phantsi kweemeko ezithile umntu ophazamiseke engqondweni ngendlela eyingozi. ukubekwa ngaphandle kokuzikhethela okanye unyango oluzenzekelayo, njengoko kubonwe kwenye kazwelonke kunye imibhalo yamazwe ngamazwe. "
Isicatshulwa sokuthelekisa kwinqaku eliphambili kwingxelo yeKomiti yeBioethics:
Ingxelo ngeCRPD: “Unyango ngokungazithandeliyo okanye ukubekwa endaweni kungathetheleleka kuphela, ngokunxulumene ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okunzulu, ukuba ivela kwi ukungabikho kwonyango okanye ukubekwa ubungozi obumandundu bunokukhokelela kwimpilo yomntu okanye komnye umntu.”
INgqungquthela yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye neBiomedicine, iSiqendu sesi-7: "Ngokuxhomekeke kwimiqathango yokhuseleko echazwe ngumthetho, kubandakanywa ukongamela, ulawulo kunye neenkqubo zokubhena, umntu oye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okunzulu unokuthotyelwa, ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, kungenelelo olujoliswe ekunyangeni ukuphazamiseka kwakhe kwengqondo kuphela apho, ngaphandle kwempatho enjalo, ubungozi obukhulu bunokukhokelela kwimpilo yakhe. "
Ngale nto ikhoyo iKomiti ye-Bioethics ingaqhubeka iqulunqa isixhobo somthetho esitsha, esenza ukuba kubonakale ngathi siya kuhambelana namalungelo oluntu ngamazwe, apho amalungu eBhunga abophelelekile. IKomiti ifumene isigunyaziso esitsha se-2012 kunye ne-2013 kubandakanya umsebenzi wokulungiselela isixhobo somthetho esisayilwayo "ngokuphathelele ukukhuselwa kwabantu abanengxaki yengqondo ngokubhekiselele kunyango kunye nokubekwa ngaphandle ngokuzithandela."
Inkxalabo yeNdibano yePalamente kunye nesindululo sokurhoxiswa kweprotocol
Nangona lo msebenzi weKomiti wawungekho esidlangalaleni, wafunyanwa kwaye ngo-1st ka-Oktobha 2013 iKomidi yeMicimbi yezeNtlalo, iMpilo kunye noPhuhliso oluZinzileyo lweNdibano yePalamente yeBhunga laseYurophu. Isindululo sengcebiso ezinxulumene nokucaciswa kwesi sixhobo somthetho esitsha.
IKomiti yePalamente kwisindululo yaqaphela ngokubhekiselele kwiCRPD, ukuba “Namhlanje, ngumgaqo kanye wokubekwa ngaphandle kokuzithandela kunye nonyango lwabantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni ocelwa umngeni. INdibano ikwaqaphela ukuba ngaphandle kweziqinisekiso ezisekiweyo, ukubekwa kunye nonyango ngokungeyomfuneko kudla ngokubakho impatho-gadalala kunye nokunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, kwaye abantu abaphantsi kwaloo manyathelo banikela ingxelo ngamava amabi kakhulu. ”
Isindululo seKomiti yePalamente sikhokelele kuphononongo olubanzi lomba obangele a ingxelo yekomiti "Ityala elichasene neBhunga laseYurophu isixhobo somthetho kumanyathelo angenakuzikhethela kwi-psychiatry" eyamkelwe ngo-Matshi 2016. Kule nto kwavela a I ngcebiso kwiKomiti yabaPhathiswa eqaphela ukuba iNdibano yePalamente iyayiqonda inkxalabo ebangele ukuba iKomiti ye-Bioethics isebenze kulo mbandela, kodwa kwakhona ukuba "inamathandabuzo anzulu malunga nexabiso elongezelelweyo lesixhobo esitsha somthetho kule ndawo."
INdibano yongeze ukuba "eyona nto ixhalabisayo malunga nenkqubo eyongezelelweyo yexesha elizayo inxulumene nombuzo obaluleke ngakumbi: wokuhambelana kwayo neNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamaLungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo (CRPD)."
INdibano iqukumbele ukuba "nasiphi na isixhobo somthetho esigcina ikhonkco phakathi kwamanyathelo angenakuzithandela kunye nokukhubazeka kuya kuba lucalucalulo kwaye ngaloo ndlela iphule i-CRPD. Iphawula ukuba idrafti yomthetho eyongezelelweyo igcina ikhonkco elinjalo, njengokuba 'ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo' kusisiseko sonyango kunye nokubekwa endaweni, kunye nezinye iindlela. "
INdibano yaphela ngesindululo sokuba iKomiti yabaPhathiswa iyalele iKomiti ye-Bioethics ukuba "ihoxise isiphakamiso sokwenza iprotocol eyongezelelweyo malunga nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nesidima sabantu abanengxaki yengqondo malunga nokubekwa ngokuzimeleyo kunye nonyango oluzenzekelayo. ”
Olu vavanyo lwePalamente kunye neSindululo luphinde lwaqwalasela iimpendulo zengxoxo kawonke-wonke, eyenzeka ngo-2015. Ukuxoxwa kwetyala kuye kwaphumela kwizilumkiso ezicacileyo okanye iimpendulo ezichasene neProtocol eYilwayo eyoNgezelelweyo evela kuMkomishinala wamaLungelo oLuntu weBhunga laseYurophu, i-Arhente ye-European Union. kuMalungelo aSisiseko (FRA), iKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yamaLungelo abantu abaKhubazekileyo (CRPD), uMthetheleli oKhethekileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo kuMalungelo abantu abaKhubazekileyo, uMthetheli oKhethekileyo weZizwe eziManyeneyo onelungelo lomntu wonke ukuba bonwabele. umgangatho ophezulu ofikelelekayo wempilo yomzimba nengqondo, kunye nothotho lwabachaphazelekayo kubandakanywa imibutho ebalulekileyo yezigulane.
Impendulo yeKomiti yeeNdlela zokuziphatha
Ulwalathiso lomsebenzi kwiProtocol entsha aluzange lutshintshe kakhulu. IKomiti ivumele abachaphazelekayo ukuba baye kwiintlanganiso zayo kwaye ifake ulwazi ngomsebenzi kwiwebhusayithi yayo. Kodwa ulwalathiso kwimbono enkulu aluzange lutshintshe.
IKomiti kwiwebhusayithi yayo yazisa, ukuba injongo yale Protocol entsha kukuphuhlisa, okokuqala kwisixhobo esibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni, imimiselo yeSiqendu 7 seNgqungquthela yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye ne-Biomedicine, kunye nalawo eSiqendu 5 § 1 (e) yeNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oLuntu. IProtocol ijolise ekumiseleni iziqinisekiso ezisisiseko ngokumalunga noku kungaphazamisana kwamalungelo enkululeko nokuzimela kwabantu.
Imibhalo yereferensi yokucaciswa kweProtocol yaphawulwa ngokucacileyo njengeNgqungquthela yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye neBiomedicine, kunye neNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oLuntu. Intshayelelo yeProtocol eyoNgezelelweyo iyayichaza, kwaye ezinye ezininzi ziyayikhankanya, kubandakanywa neBhunga laseYurophu iBioethics. iphepha lewebhu kwimpilo yengqondo, Isiseko soMsebenzi kwaye Injongo yeProtocol eyoNgezelelweyo malunga nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nesidima sabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
IKomiti yongeze icandelo malunga nayo iphepha lewebhu ukuba, “Umsebenzi ukwaqhutywa ngokuhambelana neNkomfa yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamaLungelo abantu abaKhubazekileyo (jonga nakwiNgxelo eyamkelwa yi-CDBI), kunye nezinye izixhobo zomthetho ezifanelekileyo zamkelwe kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. Ingxelo ekubhekiselwe kuyo yingxelo yeCRPD ka-2011 eyenzelwe ukwenza abafundi bakholelwe ukuba iKomiti iya kuthatha iCRPD ukuba ithathelwe ingqalelo, ngelixa eneneni ingayihoyi ngokupheleleyo kunye nomoya ekufuneka iqondwe kwaye isetyenziswe ngawo. . IKomiti kwiphepha layo lewebhu ukuza kuthi ga ngoku idlulisele uluvo lwale ngxelo ka-2011 ngenjongo ebonakala ngathi ifuna ukulahlekisa nawuphi na umntu ochaphazelekayo oya kwiwebhusayithi yeBhunga laseYurophu ukuze afumanise ukuba imalunga nantoni na.
Imbono eyingcambu yeProtocol
Iincwadi zembekiselo zeProtocol esebenza kuyo iKomiti yeBioethics liGatya lesi-7 leNgqungquthela yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye neBiomedicine, yona ekuyingcaciso yeGatya lesi-5 § 1 (e) leNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oLuntu.
IEuropean Convention on Human Rights yaqulunqwa ngowe-1949 nangowe-1950. Kwicandelo layo elingenkululeko nonqabiseko lomntu, iGatya 5 § 1 (e), libonisa ngaphandle “kwabantu abanengqondo ephilileyo, iindlamanzi okanye amakhoboka eziyobisi okanye ababhaduli.” Ukukhethwa kwabantu abagqalwa bechatshazelwe zezo nyani zentlalo okanye zobuqu, okanye ukwahluka kweembono kuneengcambu zako kwiimbono ezixhaphakileyo zocalucalulo kwinxalenye yokuqala yee-1900.
Umkhethe waqulunqwa ngummeli we-United Kingdom, iDenmark neSweden, ekhokelwa ngamaBritane. Kwakusekelwe kwinkxalabo yokuba imibhalo yamalungelo oluntu eyaqulunqwa ngoko ifuna ukuphumeza amalungelo oluntu jikelele kubandakanywa nabantu abaneengxaki zengqondo (ukukhubazeka kwengqondo), ephikisana nomthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo kula mazwe. Omabini iBritane, iDenmark kunye neSweden yayingabacebisi abanamandla be-eugenics ngelo xesha, kwaye yayiphumeze imigaqo kunye neembono kumthetho kunye nokusebenza.
Ukujoliswa kwabantu “abanengqondo ephilileyo” kwakuqhutywa yiBritane, eyamkele umthetho ngo-1890 yaza yacaciswa ngakumbi ngoMthetho woKuswela amandla ngeNgqondo ka-1913, owawumisela iindlela zokwahlula “iziphene zengqondo” kwiindawo zokuhlala.
UMthetho woKunqongophala kweNgqondo wawucetyisiwe waza watyhalelwa ngama-Eugenistists. Ekuphakameni kokusebenza kwe-UK Mental Deficiency Act, abantu be-65,000 babekwe "kwiikholoni" okanye kwezinye iindawo zamaziko. Kuzo zombini iDenmark kunye neSweden imithetho ye-eugenic yamiselwa ngexesha le-1930s, eDenmark egunyazisa ngokuthe ngqo ukuhluthwa kwenkululeko yabantu abangekho yingozi engqondweni.
Kukukhanya kokwamkelwa okuxhaphakileyo kwe-eugenics njengenxalenye yomgaqo-nkqubo woluntu wolawulo lwabemi ukuba umntu ajonge iinzame zabameli base-United Kingdom, eDenmark naseSweden kwiNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oLuntu yokuyila inkqubo yokutyhala. ukuze kugunyaziswe ngurhulumente ukuba acalule kwaye avalele kwaye asuse eluntwini “abantu abanengqondo ephilileyo, abanxila okanye abasebenzisa iziyobisi kunye nababhaduli”.
“Ngendlela efanayo neNgqungquthela yaseOviedo, kufanele kuvunywe ukuba iEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) sisixhobo esabakho ukususela ngowe-1950 yaye umbhalo we-ECHR ubonisa ukungahoywa nokungakhathalelwa kwamalungelo abantu abaneziphene. . Ngaphezu koko, kwimiba ephathelele ukubanjwa kwempilo yengqondo, umbhalo we-1950 uvumela ngokucacileyo ukuvinjwa kwenkululeko ngesiseko 'sengqondo engafanelekanga' (Inqaku lesi-5(1)(e)). Nangona iECHR igqalwa ‘njengesixhobo esiphilayo…esimele sitolikwe ngokweemeko zanamhlanje’.”
– UNksz Catalina Devandas-Aguilar, uMthetheleli oKhethekileyo we-UN ngamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo
Imbono esisiseko yeprotocol eyongezelelweyo kwiNgqungquthela yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye ne-Biomedicine ngoko - nangona kubonakala ngathi inenjongo yokukhusela amalungelo oluntu - ngokwenene iqhubekisela phambili umgaqo-nkqubo wocalucalulo owenziwe yimigaqo ye-eugenic, nangona amagama angawona asetyenziswayo. Ayikhuthazi amalungelo oluntu; eneneni, iphikisana nokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kokuvinjwa kwenkululeko ngokwesiseko sothintelo njengoko kuchazwe yiKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yamaLungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo.
