Kwindawo ekude, umxube weendlela ze-geophysical ichonga ukuhanjiswa kwe-magma ngaphantsi komgangatho wolwandle njengonobangela.
Nakunxweme lwase-Antarctica, iintaba-mlilo zinokufunyanwa. Ulandelelwano lweenyikima ezingaphezulu kwe-85,000 zarekhodwa ngo-2020 kwintaba-mlilo yase-Orca, ebingasebenzi ixesha elide, inyikima eyafikelela kubungakanani obungazange bubonwe ngaphambili kulo mmandla. Inyaniso yokuba iziganeko ezinjalo zinokufundwa kwaye zichazwe kwiinkcukacha eziphawulekayo nakwiindawo ezikude, kwaye ke ngoko zingekho izixhobo ezifanelekileyo, ngoku iboniswa kuphononongo lweqela lamazwe ngamazwe elipapashwe kwijenali. Unxibelelwano loMhlaba nokusiNgqongileyo.
Abaphandi abavela eJamani, eItali, ePoland, naseUnited States babandakanyeka kwisifundo, esasikhokelwa nguSimone Cesca weZiko loPhando lwaseJamani lweGeoscience (GFZ) Potsdam. Baye bakwazi ukudibanisa ubuchule bokuzamazama komhlaba, i-geodetic, kunye ne-remote sensing ukumisela ukuba ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-magma ukusuka kwingubo yoMhlaba kufutshane nomda we-crust-mantle ukuya phantse kumphezulu kubangele inyikima.
I-volcano ye-Orca phakathi kwencam yoMzantsi Merika kunye ne-Antarctica
Iinyikima zenzeke ikakhulu kwimimandla enentaba-mlilo. Ukushukuma kolwelo kuqweqwe loMhlaba ke ngoko kukrokrelwa njengonobangela. I-Orca seamount yintaba-mlilo enkulu ekhusela iinkwili ezikwintywili enomphakamo omalunga neemitha ezingama-900 ngaphezulu komgangatho wolwandle kunye nobubanzi besiseko obumalunga neekhilomitha ezili-11. Ime kwiBransfield Strait, umjelo wolwandle phakathi kwe-Antarctic Peninsula kunye neZiqithi zaseMzantsi Shetland, kumzantsi-ntshona wencam esemazantsi eArgentina.
Ngaphambili, ukushukuma kweenyikima kulo mmandla kwakuphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-Agasti 2020, kwaqalisa inyikima enkulu apho, neenyikima zomhlaba ezingaphezu kwe-85,000 kwisiqingatha sonyaka. Imele olona qhushululu lwenyikima lwakha lwarekhodwa apho,” unika ingxelo uSimone Cesca, isazinzulu kwiCandelo le-2.1 le-GFZ le-Earthquake kunye ne-Volcano Physics kunye nombhali okhokelayo wophononongo olupapashiweyo ngoku. Ngexesha elifanayo njenge-swarm, ukufuduka komhlaba osecaleni ongaphezulu kweesentimitha ezilishumi kunye nokunyuswa okuncinci malunga nesentimitha enye kwarekhodwa kwisiQithi saseKing George esingummelwane.
Imingeni yophando kwindawo ekude
UCesca wafunda ezi ziganeko kunye noogxa abavela kwiNational Institute of Oceanography kunye ne-Applied Geophysics - i-OGS kunye neYunivesithi yaseBologna (eItali), i-Polish Academy of Sciences, iYunivesithi yaseLeibniz yaseHannover, i-German Aerospace Centre (DLR) kunye neYunivesithi yasePotsdam. Umceli mngeni yayikukuba zimbalwa izixhobo zeseismological eziqhelekileyo kwindawo ekude, ezizezi, zizikhululo ezimbini kuphela zenyikima kunye nezibini ze-GNSS (izikhululo ezisezantsi zenyikima. Gthambisa Nukuhamba ngenqwelomoya Satellite Sinkqubo elinganisa ukufuduswa komhlaba). Ukuze kuhlaziywe ukulandelelana kweziganeko kunye nophuhliso lwezidubedube kunye nokuqinisekisa isizathu salo, iqela ngoko lihlalutye ngakumbi idatha evela kwizikhululo ze-seismic ezikude kunye nedatha evela kwiisathelayithi ze-InSAR, ezisebenzisa i-radar interferometry ukulinganisa ukufuduka komhlaba. Isinyathelo esibalulekileyo yayiyimodeli yeziganeko kunye neendlela ezininzi ze-geophysical ukwenzela ukutolika idatha ngokuchanekileyo.
Ukwakha ngokutsha iziganeko zenyikima
Abaphandi babuyisela umva ukuqala kodushe ukuya kwi-10 ka-Agasti ka-2020 kwaye bandise ikhathalogu yokuqala ye-seismic yehlabathi, equlethe kuphela iinyikima ze-128, kwiziganeko ezingaphezu kwe-85,000. Igquba lafikelela incopho yeenyikima ezinkulu ezimbini ngomhla wesi-2 kuOkthobha (Mw 5.9) nangomhla wesi-6 kuNovemba (Mw 6.0) 2020 ngaphambi kokudamba. NgoFebruwari 2021, umsebenzi wenyikima wehlile kakhulu.
Izazinzulu zichonga ukungena kwe-magma, ukufuduka komthamo omkhulu we-magma, njengeyona nto ibangela inyikima ye-swarm, kuba iinkqubo ze-seismic zodwa azikwazi ukucacisa ukuguqulwa komgangatho oqinileyo kwi-King George Island. Ubukho be-volumetric magma intrusion inokuqinisekiswa ngokuzimeleyo ngesiseko sedatha ye-geodetic.
Ukuqala kwimvelaphi yayo, ukushukuma kwenyikima kuqala kufudukele phezulu kwaye emva koko: iinyikima ezinzulu, ezihlangeneyo zitolikwa njengempendulo yokusasazwa kwemagma ethe nkqo ukusuka kwindawo ekwindawo engaphezulu okanye kumda wengubo yoqweqwe olungaphezulu, ngelixa iinyikima zomhlaba zingekho nzulu, zandisa i-NE-SW. yaqala phezu kwe-magma dike ekhula ecaleni, efikelela kubude obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-20.
Inyikima yehle ngokukhawuleza phakathi kuNovemba, emva kweenyanga ezintathu zomsebenzi oqhubekayo, ngokuhambelana nokwenzeka kweenyikima ezinkulu zolu chungechunge, kunye nobukhulu be-Mw 6.0. Ukuphela kwe-swarm kunokuchazwa ngokulahlekelwa koxinzelelo kwi-magma dike, ehamba kunye ne-slip yesiphoso esikhulu, kwaye inokuphawula ixesha lokuqhuma kolwandle, nangona kunjalo, akukwazanga ukuqinisekiswa ngezinye iinkcukacha.
Ngokumisela idatha ye-GNSS kunye ne-InSAR, izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba umthamo we-Bransfield magmatic intrusion ikuluhlu lwe-0.26-0.56 km³. Loo nto yenza ukuba esi siqendu sibe sesona siphithiphithi sikhulu esakha sajongwa ngokwe-geophysically e-Antarctica.
isiphelo
USimone Cesca uqukumbela ngelithi: “Uphononongo lwethu lubonisa uphando olutsha oluyimpumelelo lwesiphithiphithi senyikima nentaba-mlilo kwindawo esemagqagaleni eMhlabeni, apho ukusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo kwenzululwazi yenyikima, igeodesy, nobugcisa bezivamvo ezikude zisetyenziselwa ukuqonda iinkqubo zenyikima nokuthuthwa kweMagma ngezixhobo ezingafanelekanga. iindawo. Le yenye yeemeko ezimbalwa apho sinokusebenzisa izixhobo ze-geophysical ukujonga ukungena kwe-magma ukusuka kwi-mantle ephezulu okanye kumda we-crust-mantle ukuya kwi-crust crust - ukudluliselwa ngokukhawuleza kwe-magma ukusuka kwingubo ukuya phantse kumphezulu othatha iintsuku ezimbalwa kuphela. .”
Isalathiso: "Inyikima enkulu eqhutywa kukungenelela okukhulu kwi-Bransfield Strait, e-Antarctica" nguSimone Cesca, uMonica Sugan, uŁukasz Rudzinski, uSanaz Vajedian, uPeter Niemz, uSimon Plank, uGesa Petersen, uZhiguo Deng, u-Eleonora Rivalta, u-Alessandro Vuan, u-Alessandro Vuan. UPlasencia Linares, uSebastian Heimann kunye noTorsten Dahm, ngomhla we-11 kuTshazimpuzi wama-2022, Unxibelelwano noMhlaba neNdalo.
DOI: 10.1038/s43247-022-00418-5
