Amalungelo abantu ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezizwe, amalungelo esinawo ngoba nje sikhona singabantu - awanikezwa yinoma yimuphi umbuso. Lawa malungelo atholakala emhlabeni wonke atholakala kithi sonke, kungakhathaliseki ubuzwe, ubulili, ubuzwe noma ubuzwe, umbala, inkolo, ulimi, nanoma yisiphi esinye isimo. Zisukela kwezibaluleke kakhulu - ilungelo lokuphila - ziye kulezo ezenza ukuphila kube mnandi, njengamalungelo okudla, imfundo, umsebenzi, impilo kanye nenkululeko. EYurophu akubona bonke abanala malungelo, uma kuphela umuntu ethembele ku-European Convention on Human Rights. I Umhlangano WaseYurophu ihlanganisa i-athikili ekhawulela lokhu kubantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo. Kwavela kothile nasendaweni ethile, futhi ngesizathu. Lena indaba yalokho okwakusemuva.
The Isivumelwano saseYurophu Emalungelo Abantu eyabhalwa ngo-1949 no-1950 esigabeni sayo selungelo lenkululeko nokulondeka komuntu iye yaphawula okuhlukile “kubantu abanengqondo engaphilile, imilutha yotshwala noma imilutha yezidakamizwa noma izihambi.” Okuhlukile kwakhiwe ngommeleli we-United Kingdom, iDenmark neSweden, eholwa ngamaNgisi. Kwakusekelwe ekukhathazekeni okwabhalwa ngaleso sikhathi imibhalo yamalungelo abantu eyayifuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo abantu bonke kuhlanganise nabantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo, okwakungqubuzana nomthetho kanye nenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle ekhona kulawa mazwe.
Ukunyakaza kwe-Eugenics
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, inhlangano ye-eugenics yesikhathi sethu yavela e-United Kingdom. I-Eugenics yathandwa kakhulu futhi kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala ye-1900s, abantu abavela kuwo wonke umkhakha wezepolitiki yamukela imibono ye-eugenic. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe amaningi okuhlanganisa i-United States, i-Canada, i-Australia, kanye namazwe amaningi ase-Europe, okuhlanganisa i-Denmark, iJalimane, ne-Sweden azibandakanya nezinqubomgomo ze-eugenic, ezihloselwe “ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yesitoko sofuzo sabantu”.
Izinhlelo ze-eugenics zazihlanganisa kokubili lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yizinyathelo ezinhle, ezikhuthaza abantu abathathwa ikakhulukazi “abafanele” ukukhiqiza kabusha, kanye nezinyathelo ezingezinhle, njengokunqatshelwa kwemishado kanye nokuvalwa inzalo okuphoqelelwe kwabantu abathathwa njengabangakufanelekeli ukuzala, noma nje ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu abanjalo emphakathini. . Labo abathathwa “njengabangafaneleki ukukhiqiza kabusha” ngokuvamile bahlanganisa abantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo noma ngokomzimba, abantu abangenzanga kahle ekuhlolweni kwe-IQ, izigebengu, izidakwa kanye “nabaphambukile”, kanye namalungu amaqembu amancane angavunyelwe.
E-United Kingdom, i-Eugenics Education Society ekuqaleni kwawo-1900 yaba nokunaka okukhulayo “ekwelapheni” inani lezimo noma izici zenhlalo nezomzimba phakathi kwabampofu. Bekuhlanganisa uphuzo oludakayo, ubugebengu obujwayelekile, ukuthembela enhlalakahleni, ukudayisa ngomzimba, izifo ezinjengogcunsula nesifo sofuba; izifo zezinzwa ezifana nesifo sokuwa; izimo zengqondo ezifana nokusangana, kuhlanganise ne-hysteria ne-melancholia; kanye “nomqondo obuthakathaka” - igama elithinta wonke umuntu okukholakala ukuthi untula amandla engqondo nokwahlulela okuhle.
INhlangano ayizange ibe nkulu kakhulu, kodwa yayikhuluma kakhulu futhi inkulumo-ze yayo kokubili yayibonisa futhi ikhuthaze imibono eyayiqhutshwa emazingeni aphezulu omphakathi, kuhlanganise nakuhulumeni.
I-Society yahlela i-First International Eugenics Congress ngo-1912, eNyuvesi yaseLondon, ukukhuthaza i-eugenics. Abasekeli bomongameli baseBrithani bengqungquthela bahlanganisa uNobhala Wezangaphakathi, uReginald McKenna.
© Wellcome Iqoqo. I-Attribution-NonCommerce 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0)
Umthetho Wokusweleka Kwengqondo
Ngemva kwengqungquthela, u-Reginald McKenna, kamuva ngo-1912 egameni likaHulumeni, wethula umthethosivivinywa osuselwa ku-eugenics owawuhlanganisa ukuvala inzalo ngenkani. Yayiklanyelwe ukuvimbela “abanengqondo ebuthakathaka” ukuba babe abazali. Umthethosivivinywa wabhekana nokuphikiswa okuqinile futhi waba isihloko esikhuluma sezingxoxo. Umthethosivivinywa ngendlela echitshiyelwe washaywa ngonyaka olandelayo njengomthethosisekelo Umthetho Wokusweleka Kwengqondo ka-1913. Umthetho ngokwengxenye ngenxa yamaqembu aphikisayo wakunqaba ukuvala inzalo, kodwa wakwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ngokomthetho ukuhlukanisa "abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo" ezindaweni zokukhosela.
Ngalo Mthetho umuntu othathwa njengesilima noma isiphukuphuku angafakwa esikhungweni noma ngaphansi kokugadwa uma umzali noma umbheki ecela kanjalo, njengoba bekungenza umuntu wanoma yiziphi izigaba ezine a) Idiots, b) Imbeciles, c) Obuthakathaka. -abantu abanengqondo, kanye d) Nezimilo Zokuziphatha, ezingaphansi kweminyaka engama-21. Kuphinde kwahlanganisa abantu banoma isiphi isigaba ababelahliwe, ababenganakiwe, benecala lobugebengu, esikhungweni sikahulumeni, abajwayele ukudakwa, noma abangakwazi ukufunda.
Amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu ngenxa yalokho avaleleka ezikhungweni. Ngokocwaningo oluthile, abantu abangu-65,000 bafakwa “emakoloni” noma kwezinye izindawo ezikhungweni, ngesikhathi ukusebenza kwe-UK Mental Deficiency Act ka-1913.
UMnu. Bevan uNgqongqoshe Wezempilo, wazisa iPhalamende, ukuthi ngaphansi kweLunacy and Mental Treatment Act ezingaphezu kuka-20.000 zabanjwa ezikhungweni ekuqaleni kuka-1945. Wanezela, ukuthi “Ingxenye enkulu yalezi ziguli idinga ukubhekwa kuphela. ngemva; kodwa labo abadinga ukwelashwa bathola izikhulu zezempilo zesikhungo.”
Umthethosivivinywa kanye nayo yonke imithethonqubo yawo yayisebenza ngokugcwele ngaleso sikhathi iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene kanye noMkhandlu ka Europe yethula umthethosivivinywa wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu.
Eugenics eDenmark
Ngaphesheya kolwandle iNorth Sea, iDenmark - njengezwe lokuqala eYurophu - yashaya umthetho we-eugenics-based sterilization, njengomthetho wokuhlola ngo-1929. Umthetho wasetshenziswa uhulumeni weSocial Democratic, no-KK Steincke, ungqongqoshe wezobulungiswa futhi kamuva wezindaba zomphakathi , ehola umzamo.
Inkolelo kanye nomqondo we-eugenic wadlulela phambili kunokuvala inzalo okuphoqelelayo. Kwathonya izici eziningi zenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle. Ngeminyaka yawo-1920 kanye nawo-1930, lapho ama-eugenics eba yimfuneko futhi eyingxenye ebalulekile yemodeli yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle eDenmark, ababhali abaningi bazwakalisa isifiso sokuthi ngisho nabantu abangekho engozini abaphazamisekile ngokwengqondo kwezinye izimo kufanele bangeniswe ngenkani esibhedlela sabagula ngengqondo. indawo yokukhosela).
Amandla ashukumisa lo mbono kwakungekona ukukhathazeka komuntu, kodwa ukukhathazeka komphakathi. Umshushisi Womphakathi owaziwayo weNkantolo Ephakeme, u-Otto Schlegel, waphawula esihlokweni se-Weekly Journal of the Judiciary, ukuthi bonke ababhali, ngaphandle koyedwa, bacabanga ukuthi, “ithuba lokulaliswa esibhedlela okuyimpoqo kufanele futhi livuleleke ngezinga elithile kubantu cishe aziyona ingozi kodwa ezingakwazi ukwenza okuthile ezweni langaphandle, izihlanya eziyinkathazo eziziphatha ngendlela esongela ukucekela phansi noma ukuhlazisa izihlobo zazo. Ukucatshangelwa kokwelapha kuye kwacatshangwa ukuthi kuthethelele ukulaliswa esibhedlela okuyimpoqo ezimweni ezithile. ”
Ngakho-ke, iDanish Insanity Act ka-1938 yethula ithuba lokuvalela abantu abangenangqondo abangeyona ingozi. Kwakungekhona ukukhathazeka okunozwelo noma umqondo wokusiza abantu abadinga usizo okwaholela ekwethulweni kwalokhu okungenzeka emthethweni, kodwa umqondo womphakathi lapho izici ezithile eziphazamisekile ngokwengqondo kanye “nezinkathazo” zingenandawo.
Izinqubomgomo ze-Eugenics zikhululiwe ku-European Convention on Human Rights
Kungenxa yalokhu kwamukelwa okusabalele kwe-eugenics njengengxenye ebalulekile yenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle yokulawulwa kwabantu lapho umuntu kufanele abheke imizamo yabamele i-United Kingdom, i-Denmark kanye ne-Sweden ohlelweni lokusungula i-European Convention Human Rights inqubo yokubhala ephakamisiwe futhi yafaka nesigatshana sokukhululwa, esingagunyaza inqubomgomo kahulumeni yokuhlukanisa futhi kuvalele “abantu abanengqondo engaphilile, imilutha yotshwala noma yezidakamizwa kanye nezihambi”.
