I-European Convention on Human Rights yabhalwa amaqembu nochwepheshe ngaphakathi koMkhandlu Obunjwayo WaseYurophu ngo-1949-1950, kususelwa kuhlaka lwangaphambili olukhiqizwe yi-European Movement.
Ngemva kwezinkulumo-mpikiswano eziningi, uMkhandlu WoMkhandlu WaseYurophu wathumela isiphakamiso sawo soMqulu Wamalungelo Abantu, owawubhalwe amalungu ephalamende angaphezu kwekhulu ehlobo lika-100, endikimbeni ethatha izinqumo yoMkhandlu, iKomidi Longqongqoshe.
Imibhalo ye-European Movement, okwathonywa ngayo i-Consultative Assembly yoMkhandlu WaseYurophu ihlinzekela isiqinisekiso “sokukhululeka ekuboshweni ngokungafanele, ekuboshweni nasekudingisweni, kanye nezinye izinyathelo, ngokuhambisana ne-Articles 9, 10 kanye ne-11 yoMthethosisekelo. Isimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu seNhlangano Yezizwe.”
Lo mbhalo awuzange ubangele noma iyiphi izingxoxo eMkhandlwini futhi waphinde wakhiqizwa ngaphandle kokushintshwa Esincomweni SoMkhandlu sangomhla ziyisi-8 kuSepthemba 1949.
IKomidi Lochwepheshe libhala umbhalo omusha weNgqungquthela
IKomidi loNgqongqoshe loMkhandlu ka Europe yahlangana ngoNovemba 1949, futhi ngemva kokubuyekezwa kwenqaba ukwamukela uhlaka lweSivumelwano olulungiswe nguMkhandlu. Okwakukhathaza kakhulu ukuthi amalungelo okumele aqinisekiswe abalwa nje, nokuthi ukulawulwa kwemikhawulo yamalungelo kuqukethwe ngendlela ejwayelekile.
IKomidi Longqongqoshe libe selicela ukuthi kusungulwe ikomiti lochwepheshe bezomthetho ukuze lenze uhlaka lweNgqungquthela oluzoba yisisekelo sezingxoxo ezizayo. Banikeze iSincomo soMkhandlu a Human Rights Umqulu weKomidi Lochwepheshe elisanda kusungulwa lamalungelo abantu. IKomidi lanikezwa umsebenzi wokunquma ukuthi amalungelo kufanele achazwe ngokunembile yini, isibonelo ukuwenza ahambisane nomthetho nemibandela ekhona, noma ashiywe njengezitatimende ezijwayelekile zezimiso.
Igunya leKomidi Lochwepheshe lathi: “kufanele kubhekwe inqubekelaphambili eseyizuziwe kulolu daba yizinhlaka ezinekhono zeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene”.
Uhlaka lwamazwe ngamazwe Isivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu eyalungiselelwa iKhomishini YeZizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu phakathi no-1949, yayihlanganisa nesihloko esikhuluma ngokulondeka komuntu, esasithi:
"1. Akekho oyoboshwa noma aboshwe ngokungekho emthethweni.
2. Akekho oyophucwa inkululeko yakhe ngaphandle kwalezo zizathu futhi ngokuhambisana naleyo nqubo emiswe ngokomthetho."
IKomidi Lochwepheshe liqhubekele esiqondisweni sokuncishiswa kwamalungelo abe ekwakhiweni kwemithetho eyakhayo okubonakala kusebenze inhloso yokuvikela izintshisekelo zombuso kunezintshisekelo zomuntu ngamunye. Umbuso bekufanele ujabulele ukuvikeleka okusemthethweni kwezinye izifundazwe, lona bekuwumbono oqavile.
I-Council of Europe's Committee of Experts on Human Rights yanikezwa “imibono kaHulumeni wase-United Kingdom etholwe uNobhala-Jikelele” mhlaka-4 January 1950. Kulawa mazwi uHulumeni wase-UK phakathi kokunye wasikisela ukuchitshiyelwa kwesihloko esiphathelene nokuvikeleka kwezwe. umuntu owukhawula kubantu abathile. Bakubeka lokhu ngokuthi, “ukuboshwa okungokomthetho kwabantu abahluzekile engqondweni noma izingane, ngohlelo olusemthethweni, ngenjongo yokugadwa ngemfundo.”
Uhulumeni wase-UK ubevele eyingxenye yokwethulwa kokuqukethwe okufanayo kwiKhomishini Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu maqondana nohlaka lwamaphakathi no-1949 lwe-International. Isivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu. Kwakusekelwe ekukhathazekeni ukuthi umbhalo obhaliwe wamalungelo abantu ufuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo abantu bonke kuhlanganise nabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ukukhubazeka kwengqondo), okwakungqubuzana nomthetho kanye nenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle e-UK nakwamanye amazwe.
Emhlanganweni walo wokuqala owawungo-February 1950, iKomiti Yezazi Ngamalungelo Abantu yacabangela iziphakamiso ezaqalwa amalungu ayo amaningana. Ilungu laseSweden, iJaji uTorsten Salén uveze ukuthi kufanele kwenzeke ukuthi umbuso uthathe "izinyathelo ezidingekayo" zokulwa nokuhlazeka nokudakwa.
USir Oscar Dowson (e-United Kingdom) uphinde waphinda isiphakamiso sikahulumeni wakhe ikakhulukazi isihloko esikhuluma ngenkululeko nokuvikeleka komuntu esiqondiswe kakhulu kubantu abaphazamisekile ngokwengqondo (ngamanye amazwi abantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo).
Uhlaka lokuqala lweNgqungquthela okwavunyelwana ngalo yiKomidi Lochwepheshe ekupheleni komhlangano walo wokuqala liphindaphinda izwi nezwi izindatshana zeSimemezelo Sendawo Yonke samalungelo okuphila nokuthi: “Akekho oyoboshwa ngokungafanele, avalelwe noma adingiswe. ”
AbaseBrithani abalandela lokhu banikeze isichibiyelo esisha ngoshintsho oluncane lombhalo, kodwa ngokuqukethwe okufanayo nesiphakamiso sabo sangaphambili, somhlangano olandelayo weKomidi Lokulungisa. IKomidi lalihlanganisa uSir Oscar Dowson (ohambise lesi siphakamiso), uMnu Martin Le Quesne (usomaqhinga ovela eMnyangweni Wezangaphandle Wase-United Kingdom), uMnu. Birger Dons-Møller (isikhulu soMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseDenmark) kanye neJaji uTorsten Salén (Sweden).
Kulokhu iKomidi lamalungu amane - amabili awo ayevela e-UK, eyodwa evela e-Denmark (eyayisekele isiphakamiso sokuqala sase-UK) kanye nelilodwa laseSweden - lalihlanganisa kokubili izichibiyelo ezihlongozwayo ze-UK neSweden kuNgqungquthela. Ngalesi sichibiyelo i-athikili ekhuluma ngokuvikeleka komuntu ikhethe “abantu abanengqondo engaphilile, imilutha yotshwala noma yezidakamizwa noma izihambi” emphakathini jikelele.
Ukuphothulwa Kwengqungquthela
Uhlaka lweNgqungquthela lugcine luhanjiswe eKomidini Longqongqoshe yiKomidi Lochwepheshe lwaluqukethe izihloko ezimbili ezihambisana neSigaba sesi-5 samanje, senkululeko nokuvikeleka komuntu.
Lolu hlaka Lwengqungquthela lwabuyekezwa yiNgqungquthela Yezikhulu Eziphakeme, eyahlangana ngoJuni 1950. Babenezindaba eziningi okwakudingeka baxoxe ngazo, kodwa ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa ayizange iwubuyisele umbhalo wesihloko esiphathelene nenkululeko nokuphepha kwabantu. Umbiko kanye nohlaka lweSivumelwano olwamukelwa iNgqungquthela Yezikhulu Eziphakeme kwabekwa phambi kweKomiti Yongqongqoshe YoMkhandlu WaseYurophu ngo-August 1950. Ngo-August 7 1950, iKomiti Yongqongqoshe yavumelana ngohlaka oluthi “Umhlangano Wokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu kanye noMthethosisekelo. Fundamental Freedoms.”
Ngomhla zi-3 ku-November 1950, iKomiti Yezazi Zezomthetho yahlola okokugcina umbhalo woMhlangano futhi lethula izilungiso eziningi zefomu nokuhumusha. Ngaleso senzakalo, iSiphakamiso sesi-5 sachibiyelwa izichibiyelo ezimbalwa, akukho nesisodwa sazo esihlobene nokukhululwa okuqondile “kubantu abahluzekile engqondweni, imilutha yotshwala noma yezidakamizwa noma izihambi.” Ngakho-ke iSivumelwano sathola uhlobo lwaso lokugcina. I-European Convention of Human Rights yasayinwa ngosuku olulandelayo.
I-European Convention igunyaza ukuphucwa inkululeko ngesizathu “sokusangana”
Isigaba sesi-5 seNgqungquthela selungelo lenkululeko nokuvikeleka komuntu ngomsebenzi wabameleli base-United Kingdom, Denmark kanye neSweden, njengoba yayiqondiswe abadala babo eMnyangweni wabo Wezindaba Zangaphandle, ngaleyo ndlela yafaka phakathi ulimi oluthile oluvumela ukuboshwa okusemthethweni komqondo obanzi kakhulu nongachazwanga “wengqondo engaphilile” kuphela ngesizathu sokuthi banokukhubazeka noma okukholakala ukuthi bakhubazekile ngokwengqondo. Ngamanye amazwi, kubhalwe eNgqungqutheleni YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu ukuthi ukuzibophezela kwengqondo okuzenzakalelayo futhi ngaphezu kwalokho ukuthi ukuphucwa inkululeko yemilutha yotshwala kanye nezihambi kuhambisana nendinganiso yamalungelo abantu yaseYurophu inqobo nje uma lokhu kwenziwa ngokusekelwe emthethweni wezwe.
Lesi sigaba seNgqungquthela asikaze sichitshiyelwe, futhi sisasebenza.
