Ukushaqeka kwamazwe ngamazwe: I-Eugenics Ghost isaphila futhi ikhahlela e-Council of Europe

IKomidi le-Bioethics yoMkhandlu waseYurophu eminyakeni edlule belilungiselela ithuluzi elisha elingokomthetho mayelana nokusetshenziswa kokuphoqwa kwengqondo. Ithuluzi ngokobuchwepheshe liyiProtocol ye-Biomedical Convention, futhi lidonsa amandla alo ekubeni isandiso saleyo Ngqungquthela. Ucwaningo olusha lwemibhalo yokuqala yoMkhandlu WaseYurophu luthole ukuthi ezimpandeni zezincwadi zokubhekisela, ukuthi iKomidi le-Bioethics lisekela i-Protocol, umbhalo wedokhumenti yomthetho owadalwa ukuze ugunyaze u-Eugenics wabangela umthetho nezinqubo. Lokhu kuyaziwa yiKomidi, noma ngabe uSihlalo engakawazisi wonke amalungu alo.

IKomidi kuze kube manje beliphokophele phambili ekuphothuleni iProtocol yokuvota ngomhla zi-2 kuNovemba 2021, ngenkathi lazi ukuthi kuzobeka wonke amazwe angamalungu oMkhandlu WaseYurophu ekungqubuzaneni kwezomthetho, njengoba iProtocol iphikisana namalungelo abantu bamazwe ngamazwe. Isivumelwano sigunyazwe amazwe angama-46 kwangu-47 angamalungu oMkhandlu WaseYurophu. IKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha liqhubekile nokho liqhubekisela phambili a I-Eugenics ghost eYurophu kanye nokucekela phansi imizamo yamazwe ngamazwe yokudala amalungelo abantu bonke.

I-Protocol ngokumelene namalungelo abantu bamazwe ngamazwe

IKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha lisebenza ngokusekelwe eziqondisweni ezivela endikimbeni ethatha izinqumo zoMkhandlu, iKomidi Longqongqoshe, elishiwo emigomeni yalo yezinkomba. IKomidi Longqongqoshe nokho lisebenza ngolwazi mayelana nalolu daba oluyisipesheli olushiwo futhi lwanikezwa yiKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha. Ihlanganiswe kusukela ekuqaleni nguNkz Laurence Lwoff, uNobhala weKomidi.

Ngale ndlela iKomidi le-Bioethics likwazile ukubeka umugqa ovikelekayo ngokombusazwe emgudwini walo omkhulu kanye nomhlaba wonke, kuyilapho empeleni lisebenza ngenye i-ajenda.

Lokhu kuqale ngaphambi kokuba isinqumo sokudwetshwa kwephrothokholi eyengeziwe sithathwe yiKomidi Longqongqoshe. Ngo-2011 ukushintshana okungahlelekile kwemibono ngesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe samalungelo abantu, i Ingqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile (CRPD), ikakhulukazi Isigaba 14 – Inkululeko nokuvikeleka komuntu, ibibanjwe ngaphakathi kweKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha. IKomidi licubungule ukuthi i-Council of Europe Protocol ingashayisana kanjani ne-CRPD, ikakhulukazi maqondana nezinyathelo zokwelashwa nokubeka endaweni.

I-Convention kanye ne-General Comments yayo icacile. IKomidi LeNhlangano Yezizwe Lamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile nokho esitatimendeni esiya eKomidini Lezokuziphatha Kamuva lacacisa ukuthi “ukubekwa noma ukufakwa kwezikhungo zabo bonke abantu abakhubazekile, ikakhulukazi abantu abakhubazeke ngokomqondo noma ngokwengqondo, okuhlanganisa nabantu ‘abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo. ', uvinjelwe emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa ye-athikili 14 yeNgqungquthela, futhi uhlanganisa ukuphucwa inkululeko yabantu abakhubazekile ngokungenamthetho njengoba kwenziwa ngesisekelo sokonakala kwangempela noma okucatshangwayo."

IKomidi leZizwe Ezihlangene liphinde laveza ukuthi izinhlangano zaseMelika kumele "ziqede izinqubomgomo, izinhlinzeko zomthetho nezokuphatha ezivumela noma zenze ukwelashwa ngempoqo, njengoba kuwukwephulwa okuqhubekayo okutholakala emithethweni yezempilo yengqondo emhlabeni wonke, naphezu kobufakazi obunobufakazi obubonisa ukuntuleka kwayo nokusebenza kahle futhi imibono yabantu abasebenzisa izinhlelo zempilo yengqondo abaye babhekana nobuhlungu obujulile nokuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yokwelashwa ngempoqo.”

IKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha LoMkhandlu WaseYurophu ngenxa yokushintshisana ngemibono ngaphakathi kweKomidi ngokwalo lamukele a Isitatimende SeNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile ngo-November 2011. Lesi sitatimende nakuba sibonakala siphathelene ne-CRPD eqinisweni sicabangela kuphela ISivumelwano SeKomidi ngokwayo, kanye nereferensi yalo - i-European Convention on Human Rights.

Isitatimende sibeka ukuthi iKomidi licubungule iNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene yamalungelo abantu abakhubazekile, ikakhulukazi ukuthi izigaba 14, 15 kanye no-17 ziyahambisana yini “nokuba ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile umuntu onokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubucayi. ukubekwa ngokuzenzakalelayo noma ukwelashwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, njengoba kubonisiwe kwenye kazwelonke kanye imibhalo yamazwe ngamazwe. "

Umbhalo wokuqhathanisa ngephuzu elibalulekile esitatimendeni seKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha:

Isitatimende se-CRPD: “Ukwelashwa noma ukubekwa endaweni kungathethelelwa kuphela, maqondana nalokhu ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubucayi, uma kusuka ku ukungabikho kokwelashwa noma ukubekwa umonakalo ongathi sína ungaba umphumela empilweni yomuntu noma komunye umuntu.”

I-Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, i-Athikili 7: “Kuncike ezimeni zokuvikela ezibekwe wumthetho, okuhlanganisa izinqubo zokuqondisa, zokulawula kanye nokudlulisa icala, umuntu okwenzile lokho ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubucayi angase afakwe, ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe, ekungeneleleni okuhloselwe ukwelapha ukuphazamiseka kwakhe kwengqondo kuphela lapho, ngaphandle kwempatho enjalo, umonakalo ongathi sína ungaba umphumela empilweni yakhe. "

Ngalokhu iKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha lingaqhubeka nokwenza ithuluzi elingokomthetho elisha, lenze kubonakale sengathi lizohambisana namalungelo abantu bamazwe ngamazwe, lapho amazwe angamalungu oMkhandlu eboshelwe khona. IKomidi lithole igunya elisha lowezi-2012 nowezi-2013 okuhlanganisa nomsebenzi wokulungisa ithuluzi lomthetho elisalungiswa “mayelana nokuvikelwa kwabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo maqondana nokwelashwa nokubekwa endaweni.

Ukukhathazeka koMkhandlu wePhalamende kanye nezincomo zokuhoxiswa kwephrothokholi

Nakuba lo msebenzi weKomidi wawungekho esidlangalaleni, watholakala futhi ngo-1st ka-Okthoba 2013 iKomidi Lezindaba Zezenhlalakahle, Ezempilo kanye Nokuthuthukiswa Okuqhubekayo kwePhalamende LePhalamende LoMkhandlu WaseYurophu Isiphakamiso sesincomo okuhlobene nokucaciswa kwaleli thuluzi lomthetho elisha.

IKomidi lePhalamende esiphakamisweni liphawule ngokuphathelene ne-CRPD, ukuthi “Namuhla, iwona kanye umgomo wokubekwa ngaphandle kokuzithandela nokwelashwa kwabantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo okuphonswa inselelo. UMkhandlu uphinde uphawule ukuthi naphezu kweziqinisekiso ezimisiwe, ukubekwa nokwelashwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kuthambekele ekuhlukunyezweni kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu, futhi abantu abangaphansi kwalezi zinyathelo babika isipiliyoni esibi kakhulu. "

Isiphakamiso seKomidi lePhalamende siholele ekuhlolweni okubanzi kwalolu daba okuholele ekutheni a umbiko wekomidi "Icala elibhekene nethuluzi elingokomthetho le-Council of Europe ngezinyathelo zokuzibophezela kwezengqondo" elamukelwa ngo-March 2016. Kulokhu kwaphuma a Isincomo eKomidini Longqongqoshe eliphawula ukuthi uMkhandlu wePhalamende uyakuqonda ukukhathazeka okwenze iKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha ukuthi lisebenze kulolu daba, kodwa futhi nokuthi “linokungabaza okukhulu mayelana nenani elengeziwe lethuluzi elingokomthetho elisha kulo mkhakha.”

UMkhandlu wengeze ngokuthi "ukukhathazeka kwawo okuyinhloko ngephrothokholi eyengeziwe yesikhathi esizayo kuhlobene nombuzo obaluleke nakakhulu: lowo wokuhambisana kwayo neNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile (CRPD)."

UMkhandlu uphethe ngokuthi “noma iliphi ithuluzi elingokomthetho eligcina ukuxhumana phakathi kwezinyathelo zokungazithandeli nokukhubazeka liyoba nokubandlulula futhi ngaleyo ndlela liphule i-CRPD. Iphawula ukuthi uhlaka olwengeziwe lomthetho olandelwayo lugcina isixhumanisi, njengokuthi 'ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo' kuyisisekelo sokwelashwa nokubekwa endaweni, kanye nezinye izindlela.”

UMkhandlu waphetha ngesincomo sokuthi iKomidi Longqongqoshe liyalele iKomidi Lezokuziphatha ukuthi "lihoxise isiphakamiso sokwenza inqubo eyengeziwe mayelana nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nesithunzi sabantu abanenkinga yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo mayelana nokubekwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye nokwelashwa ngokuzenzekelayo. ”

Lokhu kuhlolwa kwePhalamende kanye Nesincomo kuphinde kwacubungula izimpendulo zokulalelwa kwecala komphakathi, okwenzeka ngo-2015. Ukulalelwa kubangele izexwayiso ezicacile noma izimpendulo eziphikisana Nohlaka Olwengeziwe LweProtocol evela kuKhomishana Wamalungelo Abantu woMkhandlu WaseYurophu, I-Ejensi Ye-European Union. Wamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile (FRA), IKomidi LeNhlangano Yezizwe Lamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile (CRPD), Intatheli Ekhethekile YeZizwe Ezihlangene Ngamalungelo Abantu Abaphila Nokukhubazeka, Umbiko Okhethekile WeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ngamalungelo awo wonke umuntu lokuthokozela izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lempilo engokomzimba nengqondo efinyelelekayo, kanye nochungechunge lwababambe iqhaza kuhlanganisa nezinhlangano ezibalulekile zeziguli.

Impendulo ye-Bioethics Committee

Isiqondiso somsebenzi ku-Protocol entsha asishintshanga kakhulu. IKomidi livumele ababambiqhaza ukuthi beze emihlanganweni yalo futhi lafaka imininingwane ngomsebenzi kusizindalwazi salo. Kodwa isiqondiso embonweni omkhulu asizange sishintshe.

IKomidi kusizindalwazi salo limemezele, ukuthi inhloso yale Protocol entsha ukuthuthukisa, ngokokuqala ngqa ethuluzini elibopha ngokomthetho, izinhlinzeko ze-Article 7 yeNgqungquthela Yamalungelo Abantu kanye ne-Biomedicine, kanye nalezo zeSigaba 5 § 1 (e) Yesivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu. I-Protocol ihlose ukubeka iziqinisekiso ezibalulekile mayelana nalokhu okungahle kwenzeke kokuphazamiseka kwamalungelo enkululeko nokuzimela kwabantu.

Imibhalo eyinkomba yokucaciswa kweProtocol yaphawulwa ngokusobala njengeNgqungquthela Yamalungelo Abantu kanye ne-Biomedicine, kanye ne-European Convention on Human Rights. Isethulo seProtocol Eyengeziwe siyakuchaza, nezinye eziningi ezibalulayo ziyakuphawula, okuhlanganisa neCouncil of Europe Bioethics. ikhasi lewebhu leMental Health, Isisekelo Somsebenzi futhi Inhloso Yephrothokholi Eyengeziwe mayelana nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kanye nesithunzi sabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.

IKomidi liphinde lengeza ingxenye yalo Iwebhusayithi ukuthi, “Umsebenzi futhi wenziwa ngokulandela Isivumelwano Sezizwe Ezihlangene Samalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile (bheka futhi Isitatimende esamukelwe yi-CDBI), kanye namanye amathuluzi omthetho afanelekile amukelwe ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe.” Isitatimende okukhulunywa ngaso yisitatimende esiku-CRPD ka-2011 esaklanyelwe ukwenza abafundi bakholwe ukuthi iKomidi lizocubungula i-CRPD, kuyilapho empeleni belishaya indiva ngokuphelele kanye nomoya okufanele iqondwe futhi isetshenziswe ngawo. . IKomidi ekhasini lalo lewebhu kuze kube manje selidlulisele phambili umbono walesi sitatimende sika-2011 ngenhloso ebonakala sengathi idukisa noma yimuphi umuntu othintekayo oya kusizindalwazi soMkhandlu WaseYurophu ukuze athole ukuthi lokhu kumayelana nani.

Umbono womsuka weProtocol

Izincwadi eziyisithenjwa zeProtocol iKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha elisebenzela phezu kwazo yi-Article 7 ye-Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, yona ewukuchazwa kwe-Article 5 § 1 (e) ye-European Convention on Human Rights.

I-European Convention on Human Rights yabhalwa ngo-1949 nango-1950. Esigabeni sayo selungelo lenkululeko nokulondeka komuntu, iSiphakamiso 5 § 1 (e), siphawula okuhlukile “kubantu abahluzekile engqondweni, imilutha yotshwala noma imilutha yezidakamizwa noma abazulazulayo.” Ukuqokwa kwabantu okucatshangelwa ukuthi bathintwe amaqiniso anjalo omphakathi noma omuntu siqu, noma ukungezwani kwemibono kumsuka wako emibonweni yokucwasa esabalele engxenyeni yokuqala yawo-1900.

Okuhlukile kwakhiwe ngommeleli we-United Kingdom, iDenmark neSweden, eholwa ngamaNgisi. Kwakusekelwe ekukhathazekeni ukuthi imibhalo yamalungelo abantu eyabhalwa ngaleso sikhathi yafuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo abantu bonke kuhlanganise nabantu abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo (ukukhubazeka kwengqondo), okwakungqubuzana nomthetho kanye nenqubomgomo yezenhlalakahle ekhona kulawa mazwe. Womabili amaBritish, iDenmark kanye neSweden ayengabasekeli abaqinile be-eugenics ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ayesebenzise izimiso nemibono enjalo kumthetho nokwenza.

Ukuqondiswa kwabantu “abanengqondo engaphilile” kwakugqugquzelwa abaseBrithani, ababemukele umthetho ngo-1890 futhi baphinde bacaciswa ngoMthetho Wokusweleka Kwengqondo ka-1913, owawusungula izindlela zokuhlukanisa “abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo” ezindaweni zokukhosela.

Umthetho Wokusweleka Kwengqondo wawuphakanyiswe futhi waphushwa ngabakwa-Eugenics. Ekuphakameni kokusebenza kwe-UK Mental Deficiency Act, abantu abangu-65,000 babekwe "emakoloni" noma kwezinye izilungiselelo zesikhungo. Kokubili eDenmark naseSweden kwaba nemithetho ye-eugenic eyamiswa ngeminyaka yawo-1930, eDenmark egunyaza ngokuqondile ukuphucwa inkululeko yabantu abangeyona ingozi ephazamisekile ngokwengqondo.

Kungenxa yokwemukelwa kabanzi kwama-eugenics njengengxenye ebalulekile yenqubomgomo yezenhlalo yokulawulwa kwabantu lapho umuntu kufanele abheke imizamo yabamele i-United Kingdom, i-Denmark kanye ne-Sweden ku-European Convention of Human Rights yokubhala inqubo yokuphusha. ukuze kugunyazwe uhulumeni ukuba ahlukanise futhi avale futhi asuse emphakathini “abantu abanengqondo engaphilile, imilutha yotshwala noma yezidakamizwa kanye nezihambi”.

Umbono oyisisekelo wephrothokholi eyengeziwe yeNgqungquthela Yamalungelo Abantu kanye ne-Biomedicine - naphezu kokubonakala kwayo ihlose ukuvikela amalungelo abantu - empeleni iqhubekisela phambili inqubomgomo yokubandlulula engcoliswe izimiso ze-eugenic, naphezu kwamagama angempela asetshenzisiwe. Ayikhuthazi amalungelo abantu; empeleni, iphikisana nokuvinjelwa ngokuphelele kokuphucwa inkululeko ngesisekelo sokonakala njengoba kubekwe iKomidi LeZizwe Ezihlangene Lamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile.