Isinqumo se-International Mock Trial kummangalelwa u-Ernst Rüdin

Indlunkulu yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene eNew York isingathe i-International Mock Trial on Human Rights njengengxenye Yesikhumbuzo SokuQothulwa Kwesizwe sango-2023 ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-UN Outreach Programme on the Holocaust. Enkantolo ecatshangelwayo, abafundi abangu-32 abaneminyaka ephakathi kwe-15 nengu-22 ubudala, abavela emazweni ayishumi, bahloma imibuzo lowo okuthiwa uyise weNazi Racial Hygiene, umNazi oshisekayo u-Ernst Rüdin (isiqu sakhe sethulwa umlingisi). Udokotela wezifo zengqondo, isazi sezakhi zofuzo, kanye nodokotela wezifo zengqondo, uRüdin wayenecala lokuhlupheka nokufa okungenakulinganiswa phakathi neminyaka yawo-1930 nama-40s. Ekuqulweni kwecala kwakuyilungelo lalabo abasengozini enkulu yokuvikelwa ekulimaleni; umthwalo wobuholi; kanye nendawo yezimiso zokuziphatha ngaphakathi kwesayensi.

Iphaneli yamajaji amathathu e-International Mock Trial yayinamajaji avelele nafakazelwe anolwazi olusezingeni eliphezulu.

IJaji eliphethe, iJaji elihloniphekile Angelika Nussberger unguprofesa wezomthetho waseJalimane owayeyijaji maqondana neJalimane eNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu kusukela mhla lu-1 kuJanuwari 2011 kuya zingama-31 kuZibandlela wezi-2019; kusukela ngo-2017 kuya ku-2019 ubeyiPhini Likamongameli Wenkantolo.

UMahluleli ohloniphekile USilvia Alejandra Fernández de Gurmendi ungummeli wase-Argentina, usolwazi kanye nejaji. Uke waba yijaji e-International Criminal Court (ICC) kusukela zingama-20 kuJanuwari 2010 kanye noMongameli we-ICC kusukela ngoNdasa wezi-2015 kuya kuNdasa wezi-2018. Ngo-2020 wakhethwa ukuba asebenze njengoMongameli Wenhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene e-Rome Statute of the International. Inkantolo Yobugebengu ngezikhathi zamashumi amabili kuya kwamashumi amabili nambili (2021-2023).

NoMhlonishwa iJaji Elyakim Rubinstein, owayeyiPhini Likamongameli Wenkantolo Ephakeme yakwa-Israyeli. UProf. Elyakim Rubinstein uphinde waba ngusomaqhinga wakwa-Israel kanye nesisebenzi sikahulumeni isikhathi eside, owasebenza njengoMmeli Jikelele wakwa-Israel kusukela ngo-1997 kuya ku-2004.

Ngemuva kokuqhubeka kwamahora amade we I-International Mock Trial on Human Rights, lapho abashushisi kanye nabamangaleli bezokuvikela bethula ubufakazi, ofakazi namaphuzu abo, abaHluleli babhunga, base bekhipha isinqumo ngazwi linye. Ijaji ngalinye lethule isinqumo nesizathu salo:

IJaji elihloniphekile u-Angelika Nussberger:

“Angiqale ngokuchaza ngamagama ambalwa ukuthi kungani leli cala libaluleke kangaka. Ngifuna ukugqamisa izici ezinhlanu.

Okokuqala, icala libonisa imiphumela eyinhlekelele yombono lapho umuntu nesithunzi nesiphetho sakhe kungenandaba. EJalimane lobuNazi, isiqubulo senkulumo-ze sasisithi “Awulutho, abantu bakho bayikho konke”. Icala libonisa ukuthi umbono onjalo ungaholela kuphi. Akukhona nje esikhathini esidlule, kodwa nanamuhla lapho imibono enjalo ikhona, ngisho noma iJalimane lobuNazi yayiyisibonelo esibi kakhulu. Yingakho ukungaphulwa kwesithunzi somuntu ngamunye kufanele kube isiqalo sakho konke ukuhlolwa kwezomthetho.

Okwesibili, leli cala libonisa umthwalo wemfanelo wobugebengu, ngokusobala, umthwalo wososayensi. Abakwazi ukusebenza embhoshongweni wezinyo lendlovu futhi benze sengathi abanasibopho ngemiphumela yocwaningo lwabo, imibono, kanye nokutholakele.

Okwesithathu, ukungashushiswa komuntu owenze ubugebengu obunonya kuwukungabi nabulungisa okuzwiwa kabuhlungu ngisho nayizizukulwane ezizayo, kangangokuthi kufanele kulungiswe. Noma ngabe ubulungiswa bungeke benziwa, kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi ubulungiswa bebungadinga ukwenziwa.

Okwesibili, ngisho noma ubugebengu benziwa abaningi nasemazweni amaningi, kusewubugebengu.

Okwesihlanu, kuyiqiniso ukuthi izindinganiso nezinkolelo ziyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Noma kunjalo, kunezimiso ezibalulekile ezifana nesithunzi somuntu kanye nelungelo lokuphila kanye nobuqotho bomzimba okungamelwe bungazwe.

“Manje, ake ngize ekuhlolweni kwecala likaMnuz Rüdin elisekelwe emthethweni wobugebengu wamazwe ngamazwe.

Umshushisi "Ubuntu", ngakho-ke icala alilungiswa ngesikhathi nendawo. Lokho kuyisici esibalulekile.

Umshushisi uvule icala kuMmangalelwa Isimiso saseRoma, ngaphansi kwe Umhlangano Wokuqothulwa Kwesizwe futhi ngaphansi kwe Umthetho we-International Military Tribunal yase-Nuremberg. Le mithetho yayingakatholakali ngaleso sikhathi - ngokokushushiswa - uMmangalelwa enza amacala akhe, okungukuthi, ngaphambi kuka-1945. Umgomo othi "nullum crimen sine lege" ("akukho bugebengu ngaphandle komthetho") ungabonakala ngokuthi ingxenye yezimiso zomthetho ezaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa lesi simiso sivumela ukuqulwa kwecala nesijeziso esisekelwe ezimisweni zomthetho eziqashelwa izizwe eziphucuzekile. Ngakho-ke, iSitatimende SaseRoma, I-Genocide Convention kanye neSitatimende Se-International Military Tribunal yase-Nuremberg ziyasebenza njengoba zifanekisela izimiso zomthetho ezijwayelekile ezazivele zikhona ngaphambi kuka-1945.

Icala lokuqala Ummangalelwa abekwe lona elokugqugquzela amacala abhekiswe esintwini okubulala, ukuqothula, ukuhlukumeza kanye nokushushisa iqembu elibonakalayo noma iqoqo, lapha abantu abakhubazekile. Kuye kwaboniswa ngokuqiniseka nguMshushisi ukuthi Ummangalelwa wenza ngamabomu - ngokusekelwe ezinkolelweni ezijulile - ekusekeleni ukubulawa kwesiguli kanye nohlelo lokuvala inzalo lukahulumeni wamaNazi emibhalweni yakhe nasezinkulumweni nasezimemezelweni zakhe. Kube khona ukuxhumana okuqondile okuyimbangela phakathi kocwaningo lwakhe kanye nezitatimende zomphakathi kanye nokushaywa kwezinhlelo ezisekelwe kuleyo mibono. I-euthanasia kanye nohlelo lokuvala inzalo luhlanganisa izenzo zobugebengu zokubulala, ukuqothula, ukuhlukunyezwa, kanye nokushushiswa eqenjini elibonakalayo. Ngokunjalo, ngithola ukuthi Ummangalelwa kufanele athweswe icala maqondana necala lokuqala.

Icala lesibili uMmangalelwa abhekene nalo elokugqugquzela ukubulawa kwabantu. Ngokwe-Genocide Convention kanye ne-Rome Statute Genocide kufanele kwenziwe ngenhloso yokucekela phansi, ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye, iqembu lesizwe, lobuhlanga, lobuhlanga noma lenkolo. Nokho, akuhlobene nabantu abakhubazekile. Ngakho-ke, akunakuphikiswa ukuthi ngaphambi noma nangemva kuka-1945 kwakukhona umgomo ovamile womthetho owaqashelwa izizwe eziphucuzekile okhomba izenzo ezenziwa kubantu abakhubazekile njengokuthi "ukubulawa kohlanga". Ngakho-ke, ummangalelwa ngeke atholwe enecala lokugqugquzela ukubulawa kwabantu futhi kuzodingeka akhululwe ngaphansi kwecala lesibili.

Icala lesithathu uMmangalelwa abekwe lona elokugqugquzela kanye nokudala ubugebengu obubhekiswe esintwini bokuvalela inzalo. Ukuvala inzalo kufanele kuthathwe njengesenzo sokuhlukumeza. Ngakho-ke, lokho okushiwo ngaphansi kwenkokhelo inombolo yokuqala kuyasebenza nalapha. Ngokunjalo, ngithola ukuthi Ummangalelwa kufanele athweswe icala maqondana necala lesithathu.

Ubugebengu besine ubulungu enhlanganweni yobugebengu ye-Association of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists. Le nhlangano, njengoba kwaboniswa uMshushisi, ibhekele ukuqaliswa kohlelo lwe-Euthanasia. Ngokunjalo, ngithola ukuthi Ummangalelwa kufanele athweswe icala maqondana necala lesine.”

IJaji Elihloniphekile uSilvia Fernández de Gurmendi:

“Ngaphambi kokwenza ucwaningo lwami ngobugebengu obenziwe ecaleni esilizama lapha, ngithanda ukuhalalisela zonke izinhlangothi nababambe iqhaza ngezethulo zabo, nibe nesandla esikhulu ekuqondeni kangcono izimo nemibono ekhule yaba izenzo ezinyantisayo futhi ekugcineni. kwaholela ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe.

Ngemva kokulalela ngokucophelela zonke izimpikiswano, ngiqiniseka ngokungangabazeki ukuthi uMnu Ernst Rüdin unecala kuwo wonke amacala, ngaphandle kwecala lokugqugquzela ukuqothulwa kohlanga, ngenxa yezizathu engizozichaza ngokuqhubekayo.

Ngithanda ukugxila kafushane ezimpikiswaneni ezintathu ezibalulekile eziphakanyiswe aboMnyango Wezokuvikela.

Okokuqala, ngokwezokuvikela, u-Ernst Rüdin, owashona eminyakeni engu-70 edlule, akanakuhlulelwa ngokusebenzisa ilensi yemithetho nezindinganiso zethu zamanje.

Ngempela, umgomo wokuba semthethweni udinga ukuthi sahlulele uMnu Rüdin ngokomthetho namagugu abesebenza kuwo wakhe isikhathi, hhayi ezethu.

Nokho-ke ngobufakazi obethulwa kuhlanganisa nesiphithiphithi somphakathi esaqubuka ngokubulawa kwabantu ngesikhathi sesaziwa, nginesiqiniseko sokuthi izenzo zakhe zazingekho emthethweni futhi zamukelekile ngesikhathi bethunywa.

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izinkolelo-mbono ezazikhuthazwa ummangalelwa azizange ziqalwe nguye futhi zagunyazwa nakwamanye amazwe amaningi, kuhlanganise nalapha e-United States, lapho izifundazwe eziningi zazishaye imithetho yokuvala inzalo.

Kodwa-ke, ukuba necala kukaMnu uRüdin akusekelwe kuphela emibonweni ayisekelayo kodwa, kunalokho, ezenzweni ezibambekayo azikhuthazayo zokuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kwazo ngokwedlulele. Lokhu kwadlulela ngalé kokuvala inzalo ngempoqo, okwaphumela ekufeni kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane futhi ekugcineni kwavula indlela eya ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe.

Isethi yesibili yezimpikiswano. Ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuthwala icala ngezenzo zobugebengu ngoba ubengenaso isikhundla esisemthethweni.

Nokho, angivumelani nalokhu kuphikisana, iNkantolo yaseNuremberg yalahlwa yicala futhi yagwetshwa intambo UJulius Streicher, umnikazi wephephandaba Der Sturmer, ngenxa yokuhileleka kwakhe enkulumweni-ze yamaNazi ngokumelene namaJuda, nakuba engazange abe nesikhundla sokuphatha noma alimaze muntu ngokuqondile.

UMnu Rüdin wayengeyona ingxenye yezinsiza zikahulumeni, kodwa wasebenzisa ubuholi maqondana nawo wonke umkhakha Wezengqondo Nenhlanzeko Yobuhlanga. I-Society of German Neurologists and Psychiatrists, eyabahola, yaba yinhlangano yobugebengu njengoba cishe wonke amalungu kanye nebhodi elilawulayo lalihileleke ngokuqondile ekubulaweni kwenzalo ngenkani kanye nohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi "i-euthanasia".

Isethi yesithathu yezimpikiswano. Ukuziphatha kommangalelwa akufanelekile njengokugqugquzela ukubulawa kohlanga ngoba “abakhubazekile” abalona elinye lamaqembu afakwe encazelweni esebenzayo yokuqothulwa kohlanga.

Ngikholwa ukuthi lokhu kulungile, njengoba sekushiwo lapha yijaji elengamele u-Nussberger. Ukuhlasela kokucekela phansi amaqembu esizwe, ubuzwe, uhlanga, noma inkolo kuphela okungahlanganisa ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngaphansi komthetho okhona. Futhi ngokusekelwe kumgomo wokuba semthethweni, ukunwetshwa kwalo mthetho ngeke kwenziwe amajaji kodwa kungadinga ukuguqulwa kweSitatimende SaseRoma. Ngakho-ke ayisebenzi kummangalelwa.

Bambimbiqhaza abahloniphekile, uvivinyo lwanamuhla lubonisa umgwaqo oshelelayo oyingozi oqala ngobandlululo, ngisho nangendlela ecatshangwayo, ungase udlulele ebugebengwini obubi. Ngempela, ukuqothulwa kohlanga akwenzeki ngokuphazima kweso. Kungumvuthwandaba wenqubo ende, engase iqale ngamagama, imiyalezo enenzondo, noma, njengakule ndaba, imibono mbumbulu yesayensi yokuthethelela ukucwaswa kweqembu.

Uma sicabangela lokhu esikufundile namuhla, manje kukuwe ukuhlonza noma imaphi amagebe akhona manje emthethweni wezwe noma wamazwe ngamazwe futhi ufune ukukhuthaza izindinganiso ezengeziwe njengoba kungase kudingeke ukuze uvimbele futhi ujezise ngokuphumelelayo noma iyiphi inhlobo yokucwasa noma yokungabekezelelani.”

IJaji Elihloniphekile u-Elyakim Rubinstein:

“Kuyamangaza futhi kuyadumaza ukuthi u-Ernst Rüdin waphunyuka ekubekweni icala ngesikhathi sangemva kobuNazi, futhi wakwazi ukuqeda ukuphila kwakhe ngokuthula. Kwenzeke kanjani? Ukufunda ubufakazi obushaqisayo buza lo mbuzo, ngempela umemeza umbuzo.

Futhi ngeke ngiphinde izizathu zomthetho ezilethwe ozakwethu abahloniphekile. I ukuQothulwa Kwesizwe kwakuyicala elikhulu lamaNazi. Lokho akusho ukuthi umbono omubi wohlanga awuzange uthele esinye isithelo esibolile, okungenzeka saholela kumaShoah, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili. I-Euthanasia kanye nobugebengu obuhlangene nakho, kuhlanganise nobufakazi "bokuvalwa inzalo ngenkani kwabantu abangu-400,000" kanye "nokubulawa okuhleliwe kwabantu abangu-300,000 kuhlanganise nezingane ezingu-10,000, ezazibhalwe ngokuthi 'abanengqondo ebuthakathaka' noma abagula ngengqondo noma abakhubazekile", yayiyingxenye kanye nokuqaliswa kwalowo mbono, ummangalelwa ayenomthwalo wemfanelo wawo ngokukhethekile. Akukho ukuphika kwangempela kwalokho, okusekelwa ngamadokhumenti ngisho nenkulumo yommangalelwa.

Futhi ngale kwalokho kunomthambeka oshelelayo: okwaqala nge-euthanasia kwaba yisithombe esimnyama esibanzi kakhulu - ukubulawa okuhleliwe kwamaJuda ayizigidi eziyisithupha nabanye abaningi: amaRom (amaGypsies) namanye amaqembu abantu. Ikakhulukazi enkathini ye-antisemitism evuselelwe kungumsebenzi wethu ongcwele ukukhumbula futhi singakhohlwa. Futhi leli cala eliyinhlekisa liyisikhumbuzo esihle ngokumelene nalokho kuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ummangalelwa uphikisana ne-eugenics kanye nokuvalwa inzalo ukuthi izenzo ezinjalo zamukelekile emazweni ahlukene ngesikhathi samaNazi. Ngemva kokufunda ubufakazi, ngikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kuhlukile ngethiyori nokwenza. Lapha sibhekana nohlelo olukhulu lokubulala, noma yikuphi ukupakishwa “kwesayensi” kanye nethiyori eyasetshenziswa. Kunzima kakhulu, akwamukeleki ngempela, ukukuqhathanisa necala laseMelika, nakuba libi futhi liyaxaka njengokuthi Buck v. Bell. Iyazimela, njengase-United States, nakuba izenzo ezidabukisayo nezingamukeleki neze zenzeka, ayizange ithuthuke yaba “isu lokubulala abantu abaningi” lokuqothula.

Ngiyavumelana nozakwethu ababili kanye nemibono yabo ebhalwe kahle. Iphuzu eliyinhloko elihlukanisa uRüdin nenqubomgomo yakhe kwamanye amazwe kanye nodokotela bawo kwaba ukuhunyushwa kwenkolelo-mbono ekusetshenzisweni okukhulu, indlela eya ekuQothulweni Kwesizwe. Ngempela, wayengenaso isikhundla esisemthethweni, kodwa wayenokubandakanyeka "okungaqondile ngokuqondile", ngokuqeqesha odokotela nabanye ukuba basebenzise ubugebengu obucatshangwa nguye kanye nozakwabo eNhlanganweni Yezazi Neurologists Nezifo Zengqondo YaseJalimane, abaningi babo abenza umsebenzi "wangempela". Futhi ngiyavuma ukuthi isivumelwano sokuqothulwa kohlanga, esaqalwa umbaleki ongumJuda ovela ePoland, Raphael Lemkin, ngenxa yezizathu ezingokomthetho zokuhunyushwa kweSitatimende SaseRoma, akufanele kube yingxenye yecala emehlweni omthetho wobugebengu ogcizelela isimiso sokuba semthethweni.

Ngike ngasho ngaphambili, indaba yaleli cala, kanye nomlando kaRüdin nethonya elibi, ngokwemibono futhi cishe kuyingxenye yenkathi yamaNazi, umvuthwandaba wayo okwakuwukuQothulwa Kwesizwe.

Kuleli cala laseRüdin, amaJalimane ayeyingxenye enkulu yezisulu. I-Shoah, yebo, yayihlanganisa ikakhulukazi izisulu ezingamaJuda. Isintu senze indlela ende kusukela ngo-1945, emithethweni yamazwe ngamazwe neyasekhaya Yezivumelwano Nemithetho.

Futhi ngithanda ukuzwakalisa ithemba kanye nozakwethu ababili eqinisweni, bamele [ngezikhundla] zabo zangaphambili njengamajaji emzamweni wamazwe ngamazwe wamalungelo abantu kanye nokugwetshwa kwamacala obugebengu. Ngithanda ukuzwakalisa ithemba lokuthi ubugebengu obunjengobukaRüdin ngeke benzeke namuhla. Ngokudabukisayo, angiqiniseki. Kukhona umthambeka omubi oshelelayo; uqala ngesinyathelo esingase sibonakale singenacala, ngisho nesayensi. Ugcina usuqothulwe izigidi zabantu.

Ukwanda kwe-antisemitism kunalokho ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kuyabonakala. Kufanele kuliwe nawo ngazo zonke izindlela zomthetho - zomphakathi, ezokusebenzelana nezobulungiswa.

“Leli cala akulona elokuziphindiselela, okukaNkulunkulu. Kodwa singakhuluma ngokuziphindiselela okuhle. Izizukulwane ezintsha ezivuke emlotheni wamaShoah, abasindile asebenezizukulwane kanti abanye babo bayingxenye yethimba lalapha.

Sengikushilo lokho, ngisenethemba lokuthi noma yikuphi lapho kukhona abenzi bobugebengu ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, namuhla kuzoba nemizamo yokuphoqelela umthetho. Izinkantolo zizoyimela inselelo.

Okokugcina, umqondo wokuqhuba le nqubo yokuhlekisa wawulungile ngempela. Izinzuzo zemfundo zibaluleke kakhulu futhi ziyazichaza. Sonke kufanele silwe nezigameko zokucwasa ngokwebala, kwamanye amazwe noma ezifuywayo, sibheke ikusasa.”