Umhlangano weParliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe nochwepheshe owawubanjwe ngesonto eledlule ubheke umbono obandlululayo omsuka wokuthi kungani i-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ibekela umkhawulo welungelo lenkululeko nokuvikeleka kwabantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iKomiti yezwa lokho okushiwo umqondo wanamuhla wamalungelo abantu okhuthazwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene.
I-ECHR kanye 'nomqondo ongaphilile'
Njengochwepheshe wokuqala UProfesa uDkt. Marius Turda, Umqondisi weSikhungo Sezokwelashwa Kwabantu, i-Oxford Brookes University, e-UK uchaze umongo ongokomlando lapho i-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) eyakhiwe khona. Ngokomlando, i umqondo 'wengqondo engaphilile' esetshenziswa njengegama kuyi-ECHR I-athikili 5, 1(e) - kukho konke ukugunyazwa kwayo - ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekubumbeni ukucabanga nokusebenza kwe-eugenic, hhayi eBrithani kuphela lapho yaqala khona.
UProf. Turda wabeka ukuthi, “satshalaliswa ngezindlela ezehlukene ukuze sicwase futhi silulaze abantu kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili imikhuba yokucwasa kanye nokubukelwa phansi kwabantu abanokukhubazeka ekufundeni. Izinkulumo ze-Eugenic mayelana nokuthi yini eyakha ukuziphatha okuvamile/okungajwayelekile nezimo zengqondo zakhiwe phakathi kwezethulo zabantu 'abafanelekile' ngokwengqondo 'nabangafanele', futhi ekugcineni zaholela ezindleleni ezintsha ezibalulekile zokungavunyelwa kwezenhlalo, ezomnotho, nezepolitiki kanye nokuguguleka kwamalungelo abesifazane. namadoda abhalwe ukuthi 'anengqondo engaphilile.'
UNksz Boglárka Benko, Irejista ye INkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu (ECHR), wethula icala lomthetho we Isivumelwano saseYurophu Emalungelo Abantu (ECHR). Njengengxenye yalokhu, uveze inkinga yokuthi umbhalo weNgqungquthela ukhulula abantu abathathwa “abanengqondo engaphilile” ekuvikelweni njalo kwamalungelo. Uphawule ukuthi i-ECHR inomkhawulo omkhulu wokulawula ukuchazwa kwayo kombhalo Wengqungquthela maqondana nokuphucwa inkululeko yabantu abakhubazeke ngokwengqondo noma abanezinkinga zempilo yengqondo. Izinkantolo ngokuvamile zilandela imibono yochwepheshe bezokwelapha.
Lo mkhuba uhlukile kwezinye izahluko ze-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), lapho inkantolo yaseYurophu iye yacabangela ngokucace kakhudlwana ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu kwamacala ngokwe-ECHR kuyilapho ibheka nezinye izimiso zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke. U-Boglárka Benko waphawula ukuthi ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu kungase kube sengozini yokuhlukana.
Omunye uchwepheshe, Laura Marchetti, Umphathi Wenqubomgomo we I-Mental Health Europe (MHE) wethula isethulo mayelana nesimo samalungelo abantu sokuboshwa kwabantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo. I-MHE iyinhlangano enkulu kunazo zonke ezimele yenethiwekhi yaseYurophu esebenzela Ukukhuthaza impilo enhle yengqondo kanye nokuphila kahle; Vimbela izinkinga zempilo yengqondo; kanye nokusekela nokuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu abagula ngengqondo noma abakhubazeke ngokwengqondo.
“Isikhathi eside, abantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo babevame ukubhekwa njengabantu abaphansi, abangeneli noma abayingozi emphakathini. Lokhu kube umphumela wendlela yokuphila yezempilo yengqondo, eyabeka isihloko njengephutha noma inkinga yomuntu ngamunye,” kuphawula uLaura Marchetti.
Wengeza mayelana nokucwasa okungokomlando okwakwethulwa nguProf. Turda. "Izinqubomgomo nemithetho eyenziwe kulandela le ndlela yenza kube semthethweni ukuvalelwa ngaphandle, ukuphoqelelwa kanye nokuphucwa inkululeko," etshela iKomidi. Futhi wengeze ngokuthi "abantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo babekwe njengomthwalo noma ingozi emphakathini."
Imodeli yokukhubazeka ngokwengqondo
Emashumini eminyaka adlule, le ndlela ibilokhu ibuzwa kabanzi, njengoba izinkulumo-mpikiswano zomphakathi kanye nocwaningo lwaqala ukukhomba ukucwasa namaphutha aqhamuka endleleni yokwelapha.
U-Laura Marchetti waveza, ukuthi “Ngalesi sizinda, lokho okubizwa nge-psychosocial model kuya kokukhubazeka kubeka ukuthi izinkinga nokushiywa ngaphandle abantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo nezinkinga zempilo yengqondo ababhekana nazo azibangelwa ukukhubazeka kwabo, kodwa yindlela umphakathi ohleleke ngayo futhi uyasiqonda lesi sihloko.”
Le modeli iphinde idonsele ukunakwa kweqiniso lokuthi izinto abantu abahlangabezana nazo ziyahlukahluka nokuthi kukhona uchungechunge lwezinqumo ezinomthelela empilweni yomuntu (isb. izici zezenhlalo-mnotho nezemvelo, izehlakalo zempilo eziyinselele noma ezibuhlungu).
“Ngakho-ke izithiyo zomphakathi nezinto ezinqumayo yinkinga okufanele ixazululwe ngemigomo nemithetho. Kufanele kugxilwe ekufakweni nasekuhlinzekeni ukwesekwa, esikhundleni sokuvalelwa ngaphandle kanye nokuntuleka kokuzikhethela nokulawula,” kuphawula uLaura Marchetti.
Lokhu kushintsha kwezindlela zokwenza kufakwe kuNgqungquthela Yezizwe Ezihlangene Yamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile (CRPD), enenjongo yokukhuthaza, ukuvikela kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthokozelwa okuphelele nokulinganayo kwawo wonke amalungelo abantu yibo bonke abantu abakhubazekile.
I-CRPD isayinwe ngamazwe ayi-164, okuhlanganisa ne-European Union kanye nawo wonke Amazwe Angamalungu ayo. Ifaka phakathi izinqubomgomo nemithetho ukugudluka kusuka endleleni yezokwelapha kuya kumodeli yokukhubazeka kwengqondo yengqondo. Yachaza abantu abakhubazekile njengabantu abanokukhubazeka ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo, kwengqondo, noma izinzwa zesikhathi eside okuthi lapho behlangana nezithiyo ezihlukahlukene kuvimbele ukuhlanganyela kwabo okugcwele nangempumelelo emphakathini ngokulingana nabanye.
U-Laura Marchetti wacacisa, ukuthi “I-CRPD ibeka ukuthi abantu abanakucwaswa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwabo, okuhlanganisa nokukhubazeka kwengqondo. ISivumelwano sibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphoqelela, ukuncishwa amandla omthetho kanye nokuphathwa ngenkani kuwukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. I-Article 14 ye-CRPD iphinde isho ngokucacile ukuthi "ukuba khona kokukhubazeka angeke nakancane kuthethelele ukuphucwa inkululeko".
I-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), Isigaba 5 § 1 (e)
ISivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu (ECHR) sasikhona yabhalwa ngo-1949 nango-1950. Esigabeni saso selungelo lenkululeko nokuvikeleka komuntu, Isigaba sesi-5 se-ECHR § 1 (e), siphawula okuhlukile “kubantu abahluzekile engqondweni, izidakwa noma umuthi abayimilutha noma abazulazulayo.” Ukuqokwa kwabantu abacatshangelwa ukuthi bathintwe amaqiniso anjalo omphakathi noma omuntu siqu, noma ukwehluka kwemibono kumsuka wako emibonweni ebandlululayo esabalele engxenyeni yokuqala yawo-1900.
Okuhlukile kwakhiwe ngabamele i-United Kingdom, iDenmark neSweden, eholwa amaNgisi. Kwakusekelwe ekukhathazeni ukuthi imibhalo yamalungelo abantu eyabhalwa ngaleso sikhathi yayifuna ukusebenzisa amalungelo abantu bonke okuhlanganisa nabantu abakhubazeke ngokwengqondo noma abanezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, okungqubuzana nomthetho kanye nenqubomgomo yezenhlalo ekhona kulawa mazwe. Bobabili abaseBrithani, iDenmark kanye neSweden babengabasekeli abaqinile be-eugenics ngaleso sikhathi, futhi babesebenzise imigomo nemibono enjalo ekushayweni kwemithetho nasekusebenzeni.
ULaura Marchetti waphetha isethulo sakhe esho lokho
“Ngenxa yalezi zinguquko, umbhalo wamanje weNgqungquthela YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu (ECHR) Isigaba 5, 1(e) awuhambisani nezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zamalungelo abantu, njengoba usavumela ukucwaswa ngenxa yesimo sengqondo nenhlalakahle yabantu. ukukhubazeka noma inkinga yengqondo.”
“Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthi umbhalo uguqulwe futhi kususwe izigaba ezivumela ukuqhubeka kokucwasa nokungalingani,” wagcizelela esitatimendeni sakhe sokugcina.
