Kanzuru yeEurope yapinda mudambudziko rakakura pakati pezvibvumirano zvaro zviviri zvine zvinyorwa zvakavakirwa pamitemo yerusarura yakasakara kubva muchikamu chekutanga chema1900 uye kodzero dzevanhu dzemazuva ano dzakasimudzirwa neUnited Nations. Izvi zviri kuramba zvichijeka sezvo gwaro rine gakava rakanyorwa neCouncil of Europe's Committee on Bioethics raizoongororwa kekupedzisira. Zvinoita sekuti Council of Europe Committees yakasungirirwa pasi nekumanikidza magwaro eConvention ayo anosimudzira Eugenics chipoko muEurope.
Dare Rinodzora reKodzero dzevanhu reCouncil of Europe rakasangana neChina 25 Mbudzi kuti pakati pevamwe vaziviswe nezvebasa reboka rayo riri pasi, Komiti yeBioethics. Kunyanya, Komiti yeBioethics mukuwedzera kweKanzuru yeEurope Chibvumirano cheKodzero dzevanhu uye Biomedicine akanga anyora chimbo chitsva chepamutemo chinogona kudzora kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu panguva yekushandiswa kwezviyero zvekumanikidzira mune zvepfungwa. Yaizopedziswa pamusangano weKomiti wa2 Mbudzi.
Muchiito chekunyora ichi chinogoneka chiridzwa chemutemo chitsva (tekiniki iprotocol kugungano), chakaramba chichishoropodzwa uye kuratidzira kubva. ruzhinji rwemapato. Izvi zvinosanganisira kubva kuUnited Nations Special procedures, United Nations Human Rights Council, Council of Europe’s own Commissioner on Human Rights, Council’s Parliamentary Assembly nemasangano akawanda nenyanzvi dzinodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vakaremara mupfungwa.
Rugwaro rwakanyorwa rwakasvitswa kuDare Rinotungamirira Rekodzero Dzevanhu
Munyori weKomiti yeBioethics, Amai Laurence Lwoff, nemusi weChina vakapa Dare Rinotungamirira reHuman Rights nechisarudzo cheKomiti yeBioethics kuti irege kuita hurukuro yekupedzisira yezvinyorwa uye kuvhota nekuda kwayo uye kutevedzera kodzero dzevanhu pasi rose. Pamutemo zvakatsanangurwa sekuchinja kwevhoti. Panzvimbo pekutora danho rekupedzisira pakubvumwa kana kutambirwa kweProtocol yakanyorwa, zvakasarudzwa kuti Komiti ivhote kuti yotumira here kana kuti kwete magwaro akanyorwa kuboka rinoita sarudzo reKanzuru, Komiti yeMakurukota, “ne tarisa kune chisarudzo." Izvi zvakacherechedzwa neDare Rinotungamirira Rekodzero Dzevanhu.
Komiti yeBioethics yakatendera izvi nevhoti yakawanda panguva yayo musangano musi wa 2 Mbudzi. Zvaisava pasina mamwe mashoko. Nhengo yeFinnish yeKomiti, Amai Mia Spolander vakavhota vachifarira kuendeswa kweprotocol yakanyorwa, asi vakataura, kuti "Iri harisi vhoti pakugamuchirwa kwechinyorwa chekuwedzera kweprotocol. Nhumwa idzi dzakavhotera kuchinjirwa, nekuti tinoona kuti nemamiriro ezvinhu, komiti iyi haigone kuenderera mberi pasina imwe nhungamiro kubva kuKomiti yeMakurukota.
Akawedzera kuti kunyange hazvo munhu achida kuchengetedzwa kwemutemo kune vanhu vakaiswa pasi nekuzvidira mumabasa ehutano hwepfungwa mumwe "haagone kuzvidza kutsoropodzwa kwakanyanya kwakaitwa gwaro iri." Nhengo dzekomiti iyi dzakabva kuSwitzerland, Denmark neBelgium dzakataurawo zvakafanana.
Sachigaro weKomiti yeBioethics, Dr. Ritva Halila akaudza The European Times kuti “Nhumwa yeFinland yakataura pfungwa dzayo ichitarisawo maonero akasiyana akatumirwa kuHurumende nemapato akasiyana. Zvechokwadi kune kusiyana-siyana kwemaonero nemafungiro, sezvakaita munyaya dzose dzakaoma dzinofanira kugadziriswa mukugadzirwa kwemitemo yenyika. "
Kutsoropodza kwechinyorwa chakanyorwa
Zvakawanda zvekushoropodzwa kweiyo yakadhirowewa inogoneka gweta nyowani yeCouncil yeEurope inoreva shanduko yeparadigm mumaonero uye kudiwa kwekuita kwayo kwakaitika nekugamuchirwa mu2006 yeInternational Human Rights chibvumirano: the Chibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara. Chibvumirano chinopemberera kusiyana kwevanhu uye kuremekedzwa kwevanhu. Shoko rayo guru nderekuti vanhu vakaremara vanekodzero yekuwana zvizere kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwakakosha pasina rusarura.
Pfungwa huru yekuseri kweChibvumirano ndeyekubva kune rubatsiro kana nzira yekurapa yekuremara kune nzira yekodzero dzevanhu. Chibvumirano chinosimudzira kutora chikamu kuzere kwevanhu vakaremara muzvikamu zvese zvehupenyu. Inopikisa tsika nemaitiro anoenderana nezvinofungwa nevanhu, rusaruro, maitiro anokuvadza uye rusarura rune chekuita nevanhu vakaremara.
Dr. Ritva Halila vakaudza The European Times kuti anosimbirira kuti chinyorwa chitsva chemutemo (protocol) hachipesane zvachose neUN Convention yeKodzero dzeVanhu Vakaremara (UN CRPD).
Dr. Halila akatsanangura, kuti “Chirwere chimiro, chakakomba kana kuti chisingaperi, chakavakirwa pakuchinja kwomuviri, uye chinogona kurapika kana kuti zvimwe kuderedzwa. Kuremara kunowanzova mamiriro akagadzikana emunhu kazhinji haadiwi kurapwa. Zvimwe zvirwere zvepfungwa zvinogona kukonzera kuremara mupfungwa kana mupfungwa, asi vanhu vazhinji vakaremara havawire muchikamu cheprotocol iyi. "
Akawedzera kuti "Chiyero cheUN CRPD chakakura kwazvo. Hazvibvi pakuongororwa kwechiremba asi kazhinji kusagona kwakagadzikana uye kuda kutsigirwa kuitira kuti ugone kurarama hupenyu hwakajairika sezvinobvira. Aya mazwi anosanganisa asi haana kufanana. Zvakare CRPD inogona kuvhara vanhu vane chirwere chisingaperi chepfungwa chinogona kukonzera - kana chinogona kubva pa - kuremara, asi havasi vese varwere vepfungwa vakaremara."
Iyo yekare vs pfungwa itsva yekuremara
Iyi pfungwa yekuremara kuti imamiriro ezvinhu ari mumunhu, zvisinei ndizvo chaizvo izvo UN CRPD ine chinangwa chekubata. Murangariro wenhema wokuti munhu anofanira kurangarirwa kuva anokwanisa kuzvigovera amene, anofanira “kuporeswa” kuperevedza kana kuti kukanganiswa kunofanira kuderedzwa zvikuru sezvinobvira. Mune iwo maonero echikuru mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza haatariswe uye kuremara idambudziko remunhu. Vanhu vakaremara vanorwara uye vanofanirwa kugadziriswa kuti vasvike pakurarama.
Nzira yekodzero dzevanhu yevakaremara yakagamuchirwa neUnited Nations ndeyekucherechedza vanhu vakaremara sevanhu vane kodzero uye Hurumende nevamwe sevanhu vane mabasa ekuremekedza vanhu ava. Iyi nzira inoisa munhu pakati, kwete kukanganisa kwake, kucherechedza hunhu nekodzero dzevanhu vakaremara sechikamu chenharaunda. Inotarisa zvipingaidzo muvanhu serusarura uye inopa nzira dzekuti vakaremara vanyunyute kana vasangana nezvipingaidzo zvakadaro. Iyi nzira yekodzero dzevakaremara haisvikirwi netsitsi, asi nechiremera nerusununguko.
Kuburikidza neiyi nhoroondo yekuchinja kweparadigm, UN CRPD inogadzira nzvimbo nyowani uye inoda kufunga kutsva. Kuita kwayo kunoda zvigadziriso zvitsva uye kusiya maonero ekare kumashure.
Dr. Ritva Halila vakatsanangura The European Times kuti akaverenga chinyorwa 14 cheUN CRPD mumakore apfuura kakawanda maererano nekugadzirira kweProtocol. Uye kuti "MuChinyorwa 14 cheCRPD ini ndinosimbisa kutaurwa kwemutemo muzvirambidzo zverusununguko rwemunhu, uye inovimbisa kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu vakaremara."
Dr. Halila vakacherechedza kuti "Ndinobvumirana zvizere nezviri munyaya ino, uye ndinofunga nekududzira kuti hapana kusawirirana neProtocol yakanyorwa yeKomiti yeBioethics, kunyange kana Komiti yeUnited Nations yevanhu vakaremara yakadudzira chinyorwa ichi. neimwe nzira. Ndakakurukura izvi nevanhu vanoverengeka, magweta eHuman Rights uye vanhu vakaremara vachisanganisira, uye sokunzwisisa kwandinoita, vakabvumirana nazvo [Komiti yeUN CRPR].”
Komiti yeUnited Nations pamusoro peKodzero dzevanhu vakaremara sechikamu chekunzwa kwevanhu muna 2015 yakapa chirevo chisingarambiki kune Council of Europe Committee on Bioethics kuti "kuiswa kwekuzvidira kana masangano evanhu vose vakaremara, uye kunyanya vanhu vane njere kana psychosocial. vakaremara, kusanganisira vanhu vane 'kusagadzikana kwepfungwa', zvinorambidzwa mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda kuburikidza nechikamu chegumi nechina cheChibvumirano, uye zvinoreva kunyimwa rusununguko rwevanhu vakaremara nenzira isina kukodzera uye nerusaruro sezvo zvichiitwa pamusana pekukanganiswa chaiko kana kunofungidzirwa. ”
Komiti yeUnited Nations yakataura zvakare kuKomiti yeBioethics kuti mapato eUnited States anofanirwa "kubvisa mitemo, mitemo uye zviga zvekutonga zvinobvumira kana kuitisa kurapwa kwekumanikidzirwa, sezvo kuri kutyora kunoramba kuripo kunowanikwa mumitemo yehutano hwepfungwa pasi rose, pasinei neuchapupu huripo hunoratidza maitiro ayo. kushayikwa kwekubudirira uye maonero evanhu vanoshandisa hurongwa hwehutano hwepfungwa vakawana kurwadziwa kwakadzama uye kushungurudzika nekuda kwekumanikidzwa kurapwa. "
Zvinyorwa zvegungano zvechinyakare
Komiti yeBioethics yeCouncil yeEurope yakaenderera mberi nehurongwa hwekunyora kwechishandiso chitsva chepamutemo zvichireva chinyorwa icho Komiti pachayo yakagadzira muna 2011 ine musoro unoti: "Chirevo cheSangano reUnited Nations pamusoro peKodzero dzeVanhu Vakaremara". Chirevo muchinhu chayo chakakosha chinoita senge chine chekuita neUN CRPD zvisinei hazvo inongotarisa Kokorodzano yeKomiti pachayo, Chibvumirano Chekodzero Dzevanhu neBiomedicine, uye bhuku raro renongedzero - European Convention on Human Rights.
Chibvumirano cheHuman Rights and Biomedicine, Chinyorwa 7 chinotsanangura mamiriro edziviriro anofanira kunge aripo kana munhu ane chirwere chepfungwa chechimiro chakakomba akaiswa pasi pekumanikidzira matanho muhutano hwepfungwa. Nyaya yacho mugumisiro uye kuedza kuderedza kukuvadza kungakonzerwa kana Chinyorwa 5 cheEuropean Convention on Human Rights chikaitwa sezvachinoreva.
European Convention on Human Rights yakanyorwa muna 1949 na1950 inobvumira kunyimwa “vanhu vane pfungwa dzisina kugadzikana” nokusingaperi pasina chimwe chikonzero kunze kwokuti vanhu ava vane hurema hwepfungwa. Rugwaro rwakagadzirwa nemumiriri weUnited Kingdom, Denmark neSweden, inotungamirwa neBritish kupa mvumo Eugenics yakakonzera mutemo uye maitiro aive munzvimbo munyika idzi panguva yekuumbwa kweChibvumirano.
"Sezvinoitwa neConvention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, zvinofanirwa kubvumwa kuti European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) chishandiso chakatanga muna 1950 uye zvinyorwa zveECHR zvinoratidza kuregeredza uye maitiro echinyakare ane chekuita nekodzero dzekodzero dzevanhu. vanhu vakaremara. "
Ms Catalina Devandas-Aguilar, Mumiriri weUN akakosha pakodzero dzevanhu vakaremara.
"Kana pane kuedza kwepasi rose kugadzirisa mutemo wehutano hwepfungwa, zvinouya kwatiri kushamisika kuti Council of Europe, sangano guru renharaunda yekodzero dzevanhu, riri kuronga kuita chibvumirano chingave chigumbuso chekudzosera shure zvose zvakanaka zviri kuitika muEurope uye kuparadzira chibvumirano. chilling effect kune imwe nzvimbo munyika."
Nyanzvi dzeUnited Nations, mukutaura kwe28 Chivabvu 2021 kuKanzuru yeEurope. Yakasainwa nepakati pevamwe Mumiriri akakosha pakodzero dzepamusoro-soro inowanika yehutano hwemuviri nepfungwa, Special Repporteur paKodzero dzevanhu vakaremara uye UN CRPD Committee.
