IPalamente yePalamente yeBhunga laseYurophu iingxoxo neengcali ebezibanjwe kwiveki ephelileyo iye yaqwalasela ingcamango yocalucalulo ebangela ukuba iEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) ibekele umda ilungelo lenkululeko nokhuseleko lwabantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni. Kwangaxeshanye, iKomiti yeva oko kuthethwa yingcamango yanamhlanje yamalungelo abantu ekhuthazwa ziZizwe Ezimanyeneyo.
I-ECHR kunye 'nengqondo ephilileyo'
Njengengcali yokuqala UProf. UGqr. Marius Turda, UMlawuli weZiko loBuntu bezoNyango, iYunivesithi yaseOxford Brookes, e-UK ichaze umxholo wembali apho iNgqungquthela yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oLuntu (ECHR) yaqulunqwa. Ngokwembali, i ingcamango 'yengqondo ephilileyo' lisetyenziswa njengebinzana kwi-ECHR Inqaku lesi-5, 1(e) - kuzo zonke iimvume zayo - idlale indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni ukucinga kunye nokusebenza kwe-eugenic, kwaye kungekhona eBritani kuphela apho yaqala khona.
UProf. Turda wacacisa ukuba, “yaye yasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi ukugxeka nokuthoba isidima sabantu kunye nokuqhubela phambili izenzo zocalucalulo nokujongelwa phantsi kwabantu abakhubazekileyo ekufundeni. Iingxoxo ze-Eugenic malunga nokuba yintoni na ebandakanya ukuziphatha okuqhelekileyo / okungaqhelekanga kunye nezimo zengqondo zakhiwe kwindawo ephakathi malunga nokumelwa kwabantu 'abafaneleke ngokwengqondo' kunye 'nabangafanelekanga', kwaye ekugqibeleni kukhokelele kwiindlela ezintsha zokungavunyelwa kwezentlalo, kwezoqoqosho, kunye nezopolitiko kunye nokukhukuliswa kwamalungelo abantu basetyhini. namadoda abizwa ngokuba ‘anengqondo ephilileyo’.”
UNksz Boglárka Benko, Ubhaliso lwe INkundla YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu (ECHR), thaca umthetho wetyala le IYurophu YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu (ECHR). Njengenxalenye yoku, ubonise ingxaki yokuba isicatshulwa seNgqungquthela siyabakhulula abantu ababonwa "ngengqondo ephilileyo" ekukhuselweni rhoqo kwamalungelo. Uye waqaphela ukuba i-ECHR inomda wokulawula ukutolikwa kwayo kwesicatshulwa seNgqungquthela ngokumalunga nokuhluthwa inkululeko yabantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni okanye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo. Iinkundla ngokubanzi zilandela izimvo zeengcali zonyango.
Lo mkhuba uchasene nezinye izahluko zeNgqungquthela yaseYurophu Amalungelo abantu (ECHR), apho inkundla yaseYurophu iye yaqwalasela ngokucace ngakumbi ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kumatyala e-ECHR ngoxa ikwajonge namanye amaziko ezizwe ngezizwe alwela amalungelo abantu. U-Boglárka Benko uqaphele ukuba ukhuseleko lwamalungelo oluntu lunokuba sengozini yokuqhekeka.
Enye ingcaphephe, Laura Marchetti, uMphathi wePolisi we Impilo yengqondo eYurophu (MHE) wenze intetho malunga nomda wamalungelo oluntu ekuvalelweni abantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni. I-MHE iyona ntlangano enkulu yenethiwekhi yaseYurophu ezimeleyo esebenza Ukukhuthaza impilo yengqondo kunye nokuphila kakuhle; Ukuthintela iingxaki zempilo yengqondo; kunye nokuxhasa nokuqhubela phambili amalungelo abantu abagula ngengqondo okanye abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni.
“Kangangexesha elide, abantu abaneziphene ngokwasengqondweni nabanengxaki yempilo yengqondo bebesoloko bejongwa njengabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, abangafanelekanga okanye abayingozi eluntwini. Esi yaba sisiphumo sendlela yebhayoloji kwimpilo yengqondo, eyenze isihloko njengesiphoso okanye ingxaki yomntu, ”utshilo uLaura Marchetti.
Uye wandisa ucalucalulo lwembali olwaluthiwe thaca nguProf Turda. “Imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nomthetho ophuhliswe kulandela le ndlela uvumela ukukhutshelwa ngaphandle ngokusemthethweni, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokuhluthwa inkululeko,” uxelele iKomiti. Kwaye wongeze ukuba "abantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni babekwe njengomthwalo okanye ingozi eluntwini."
Imodeli yokukhubazeka ngokwasengqondweni
Kumashumi eminyaka adlulileyo, le ndlela iye yathandabuza kakhulu, njengoko ingxoxo yoluntu kunye nophando lwaqala ukukhomba ucalucalulo kunye neziphene ezivela kwindlela yokuphila.
U-Laura Marchetti wachaza, ukuba "Ngokwale mvelaphi, into ebizwa ngokuba yimodeli yengqondo yokukhubazeka ibeka ukuba iingxaki kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwabantu abakhubazeke ngokwasengqondweni kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo abajongana nazo azibangelwa kukukhubazeka kwabo, kodwa yindlela uluntu olulungelelaniswe ngayo kwaye uyawuqonda lo mbandela.”
Lo mzekelo ukwatsalela ingqalelo kwinto yokuba amava abantu ayahluka kwaye kukho uthotho lwezimiselo ezichaphazela ubomi bomntu (umz. imiba yezentlalo noqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo, imingeni okanye iziganeko zomothuko zobomi).
“Izithintelo zoluntu kunye nezinto ezimiselayo ke ngoko yingxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe yimigaqo-nkqubo nemithetho. Ugxininiso kufuneka lube kukubandakanywa kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso, endaweni yokungabandakanywa kunye nokungabikho kokuzikhethela kunye nokulawula, "uLaura Marchetti wachaza.
Olu tshintsho kwiindlela zokuziphatha lufakwe kwiNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamaLungelo aBantu abaKhubazekileyo (CRPD), enenjongo yokukhuthaza, ukukhusela nokuqinisekisa ukonwabela okupheleleyo nokulinganayo kwawo onke amalungelo oluntu ngabo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo.
I-CRPD isayinwe ngamazwe ali-164, kubandakanywa iManyano yaseYurophu kunye nawo onke amaLungu ayo. Ibandakanya imigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemithetho yokutshintsha ukusuka kwindlela ye-bio-medical ukuya kwimodeli yokukhubazeka ngokwasengqondweni. Ichaza abantu abakhubazekileyo njengabantu abanokukhubazeka ngokomzimba, ngokwengqondo, ngokwasengqondweni, okanye ngokweemvakalelo okwexesha elide abathi ekusebenzisaneni nemiqobo eyahlukeneyo bathintele intatho-nxaxheba yabo epheleleyo nesebenzayo kuluntu ngokulinganayo nabanye.
ULaura Marchetti wachaza, ukuba "I-CRPD imisela ukuba abantu abanakucalucalulwa ngenxa yokukhubazeka kwabo, kubandakanywa nokukhubazeka ngokwasengqondweni. Ingqungquthela ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba naluphi na uhlobo lokunyanzeliswa, ukuvinjwa kwamandla omthetho kunye nokunyanzeliswa kokunyangwa kukuphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Inqaku le-14 le-CRPD likwachaza ngokucacileyo ukuba "ubukho bokukhubazeka abuyi kuthethelela ukuhluthwa inkululeko".
I-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), iSiqendu 5 § 1 (e)
I-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) yayiyiyo yabhalwa ngowe-1949 nangowe-1950. Kwicandelo layo elingelungelo lenkululeko nokhuseleko lomntu, iSiqendu sesi-5 se-ECHR § 1 (e), siphawula ngaphandle “kubantu abanengqondo ephilileyo, amanxila okanye iziyobisi amakhoboka okanye ababhaduli.” Ukukhethwa kwabantu abagqalwa bechatshazelwe zezo nyani zentlalo okanye zobuqu, okanye ukwahluka kweembono kuneengcambu zako kwiimbono ezixhaphakileyo zocalucalulo kwinxalenye yokuqala yee-1900.
Okuchaseneyo kwaqulunqwa ngabameli baseUnited Kingdom, eDenmark naseSweden, ekhokelwa yiBritane. Kwakusekelwe kwinkxalabo yokuba imibhalo yamalungelo oluntu equlunqwe ngoko yafuna ukuphumeza amalungelo oluntu e-Universal kubandakanywa nabantu abanokukhubazeka kwengqondo okanye iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, eziphikisana nomthetho kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wentlalo kula mazwe. Omabini iBritane, iDenmark kunye neSweden yayingabaxhasi abanamandla be-eugenics ngelo xesha, kwaye yayiphumeze imigaqo kunye neembono ezinjalo kumthetho kunye nokusebenza.
ULaura Marchetti wayiqukumbela intetho yakhe esithi
“Ngenxa yolu tshintsho, umbhalo okhoyo weNgqungquthela YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu (ECHR) iGatya 5, 1(e) awuhambisani nemilinganiselo yamazwe ngamazwe yamalungelo abantu, njengoko usavumela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kwingqondo yengqondo. isiphene okanye ingxaki yengqondo.”
"Ngoko ke kubalulekile ukuba isicatshulwa siguqulwe kwaye sisuse amacandelo avumela ukuqhubela phambili ucalucalulo kunye nokungalingani," wagxininisa kwingxelo yakhe yokugqibela.
