I-Council of Europe Human Rights Dilemma

I-Council of Europe ingene enkingeni enkulu phakathi kwezivumelwano zayo ezimbili eziqukethe imibhalo esekelwe emigomeni yobandlululo ephelelwe yisikhathi kusukela engxenyeni yokuqala yeminyaka yawo-1900 kanye namalungelo abantu esimanje akhuthazwa yiZizwe Ezihlangene. Lokhu kuya kucaca nakakhulu njengoba kwakuzobuyekezwa okokugcina umbhalo oyimpikiswano owahlelwa yiKomiti YaseYurophu Yezimiso Zokuziphatha. Kubonakala sengathi amaKomidi e-Council of Europe aboshwe ngenxa yokuphoqelela umbhalo weNgqungquthela oqinisekisa ukuthi I-Eugenics ghost eYurophu.

IKomidi Eliqondisayo Lamalungelo Abantu LoMkhandlu WaseYurophu lihlangane ngoLwesine zingama-25 kuNovemba ukuze phakathi kwabanye bathole ukwaziswa ngomsebenzi wenhlangano engaphansi kwayo, iKomidi Lezokuziphatha. Ngokukhethekile, iKomidi le-Bioethics ekwandiseni uMkhandlu waseYurophu I-Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine yayibhale ithuluzi lomthetho elisha elingase libe khona elilawula ukuvikelwa kwabantu ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwezinyathelo eziphoqelelayo kudokotela wengqondo. Bekuzophothulwa emhlanganweni weKomidi wangomhla zimbili kuLwezi.

Enqubweni yokubhala leli thuluzi lomthetho elisha elingase libe khona (ngokweqile liyiphrothokholi yomhlangano), liye lahlala ligxekwa kanye nemibhikisho evela anhlobonhlobo amaqembu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinqubo Ezikhethekile zeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, UMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu WeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, UKhomishana Wamalungelo Abantu WoMkhandlu WaseYurophu, UMkhandlu WePhalamende LoMkhandlu kanye nezinhlangano eziningi nochwepheshe abavikela amalungelo abantu abakhubazekile ngokwengqondo.

Umbhalo obhaliwe wethulwa eKomidini Elilawulayo Lamalungelo Abantu

UNobhala weKomidi le-Bioethics, uNkz Laurence Lwoff, ngoLwesine wethule iKomidi Lokuqondisa Lamalungelo Abantu ngesinqumo seKomidi le-Bioethics sokungenzi ingxoxo yokugcina yombhalo futhi ivotele isidingo salo nokuhambisana namalungelo abantu bamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokusemthethweni kwachazwa njengokushintshwa kwevoti. Esikhundleni sokuthatha isinqumo sokugcina mayelana nokugunyazwa noma ukwamukelwa kweProtocol ebhaliwe, kwanqunywa ukuthi iKomidi livotele ukuthi kufanele yini lithumele umbhalo obhaliwe esigungwini esithatha izinqumo zoMkhandlu, iKomidi Longqongqoshe, “kanye umbono wesinqumo.” Lokhu kwaphawulwa yiKomiti Elawula Amalungelo Abantu.

IKomidi Lezimiso Zokuziphatha likugunyazile lokhu ngevoti eliningi ngesikhathi sakhona umhlangano ngomhla zi-2 kuLwezi. Kwakungekho ngaphandle kokuphawula okuthile. Ilungu leKomidi laseFinland, uNksz Mia Spolander uvotele ukudluliswa kwephrothokholi ebhaliwe, kodwa waveza ukuthi, “Lokhu akulona ivoti ekwamukelweni kombhalo wephrothokholi eyengeziwe. Leli thimba livotele ukudluliswa kwezindaba, ngoba siyabona ukuthi kulezi zimo, leli komiti alikwazi ukuqhubekela phambili ngaphandle kokwelulekwa okuvela eKomidini Longqongqoshe.”

Ubuye wengeza ngokuthi nakuba umuntu edinga izivikelo ezingokomthetho ezidingekayo kubantu ababekwe ngokuzenzekelayo kanye nokwelashwa ngokuzithandela ezinsizeni zokunakekelwa kwezengqondo umuntu “angeke akushaye indiva ukugxekwa okukhulu okwenziwe yilolu hlaka.” Amalungu aleli komiti avela eSwitzerland, Denmark naseBelgium enze izinkulumo ezifanayo.

USihlalo weKomidi le-Bioethics, uDkt. Ritva Halila utshele The European Times ukuthi “Ithimba laseFinland lizwakalise imibono yalo futhi licabangela imibono eyahlukene eyathunyelwa kuHulumeni ngamaqembu ahlukene. Kunokwehlukahlukana kwemibono nemibono, njengakuzo zonke izindaba ezinzima okufanele zixazululwe ekuthuthukisweni kwemithetho kazwelonke.”

Ukugxekwa kombhalo obhaliwe

Okuningi kokugxekwa kwethuluzi lomthetho elisha elibhaliwe loMkhandlu WaseYurophu libhekisela ekushintsheni kwepharadigm embonweni kanye nesidingo sokuqaliswa kwayo okwenzeka ngokwamukelwa ngo-2006 kwesivumelwano samalungelo abantu samazwe ngamazwe: the Isivumelwano Samalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile. I-Convention ibungaza ukuhlukahluka kwabantu nesithunzi somuntu. Umlayezo wayo oyinhloko owokuthi abantu abakhubazekile banelungelo lokuthola wonke amalungelo abantu kanye nenkululeko eyisisekelo ngaphandle kokubandlululwa.

Umqondo oyinhloko ngemuva kweNgqungquthela wukusuka enhlanganweni esiza abantulayo noma indlela yokwelapha eya ekukhubazekeni uye endleleni yamalungelo abantu. IsiVumelwano sikhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza okuphelele kwabantu abakhubazekile kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila. Ibekela inselele amasiko nokuziphatha okusekelwe emibonweni engajwayelekile, ukubandlulula, imikhuba eyingozi kanye nokucwaswa okuhlobene nabantu abakhubazekile.

UDkt. Ritva Halila utshele The European Times ukuthi ugcizelela ukuthi ithuluzi elisemthethweni elisha elibhaliwe (iphrothokholi) alingqubuzani nakancane ne-UN Convention of the Rights of Persons With Disabilities (UN CRPD).

UDkt. Halila wachaza, ukuthi “Isifo siyisimo, esibucayi noma esingelapheki, esisekelwe ekushintsheni komzimba, futhi esingase selapheke noma okungenani sehliswe. Ukukhubazeka kuvame ukuba yisimo esizinzile somuntu ngokuvamile esingadingeki ukuze selapheke. Ezinye izifo zengqondo zingadala ukukhubazeka ngokwengqondo noma ngokwengqondo, kodwa abantu abaningi abakhubazekile abangeni esigabeni salesi simiso.”

Wengeze ngokuthi “Ububanzi be-UN CRPD bubanzi kakhulu. Akusekelwe ekuxilongweni kwezokwelapha kodwa ngokuvamile ukukhubazeka okuzinzile kanye nesidingo sokusekelwa ukuze ukwazi ukuphila impilo evamile ngangokunokwenzeka. Lezi zinkulumo ziyaxubana kodwa azifani. Futhi i-CRPD ingase ihlanganise abantu abanezifo zengqondo ezingalapheki ezingase zibangele - noma ezingasekelwe - ukukhubazeka, kodwa akuzona zonke iziguli zengqondo ezingabantu abakhubazekile."

Umqondo omdala vs omusha wokukhubazeka

Lo mqondo wokukhubazeka oyisimo esitholakala kumuntu, nokho yilokho kanye i-UN CRPD ehlose ukusisingatha. Umbono ongamanga wokuthi umuntu ozokwazi ukuzondla, kufanele “elashwe” kulokho kukhinyabezeka noma okungenani ukonakala kufanele kwehliswe ngangokunokwenzeka. Kulowo mbono omdala izimo zemvelo azibhekwa futhi ukukhubazeka kuyinkinga yomuntu ngamunye. Abantu abakhubazekile bayagula futhi kufanele balungiswe ukuze bafinyelele esimeni esijwayelekile.

Indlela yamalungelo abantu yokukhubazeka eyamukelwa yiNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene ivuma abantu abakhubazekile njengezihloko zamalungelo kanye noMbuso nabanye njengabanesibopho sokuhlonipha laba bantu. Le ndlela ibeka umuntu esikhungweni, hhayi ukukhubazeka kwakhe, ahloniphe amagugu namalungelo abantu abakhubazekile njengengxenye yomphakathi. Ibheka imigoqo emphakathini njengokucwasa futhi inikeza izindlela zokukhononda kwabakhubazekile uma bebhekene nale migoqo. Le ndlela esekelwe emalungelweni yokukhubazeka ayiqhutshwa uzwelo, kodwa isithunzi nenkululeko.

Ngalolu shintsho oluyingqophamlando, i-UN CRPD yakha isisekelo esisha futhi idinga ukucabanga okusha. Ukuqaliswa kwayo kudinga izixazululo ezintsha nokushiya imibono edlule ngemuva.

UDkt. Ritva Halila ucacise ku The European Times ukuthi ufunde isiqephu se-14 se-UN CRPD phakathi neminyaka edlule izikhathi eziningana mayelana nokulungiswa kweProtocol. Futhi nokuthi "Ku-Article 14 ye-CRPD ngigcizelela ukubhekisela emthethweni emikhawulweni yenkululeko yomuntu siqu, futhi ngiqinisekisa ukuvikela amalungelo abantu abakhubazekile."

UDkt. Halila waphawula ukuthi “Ngivumelana ngokugcwele nokuqukethwe yilesi sihloko, futhi ngicabanga futhi ngihumusha ukuthi akukho ukungqubuzana neProtocol ehleliwe yeKomidi Lezokuziphatha, ngisho noma iKomidi le-UN labantu abakhubazekile liye lachaza lesi sihloko. ngenye indlela. Ngixoxile ngalokhu nabantu abambalwa, abameli bamalungelo abantu kanye nabantu abakhubazekile, futhi ngokwazi kwami, baye bavumelana nabo ngalokhu [iKomiti Ye-UN CRPR].”

IKomidi le-UN Lamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile njengengxenye yokulalelwa komphakathi ngo-2015 lakhipha isitatimende esingenakuphikwa kuMkhandlu WaseYurophu IKomiti Lezokuziphatha ukuthi "ukubekwa noma ukufakwa kwezikhungo zabo bonke abantu abakhubazekile, ikakhulukazi abantu abanobuhlakani noma abangokwengqondo. ukukhubazeka, okuhlanganisa abantu 'abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo', kuvinjelwe emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa ye-athikili 14 yeSivumelwano, futhi kuhlanganisa ukuphucwa inkululeko yabantu abakhubazekile ngokungenamthetho njengoba kwenziwa ngesisekelo sokonakala kwangempela noma okucatshangwayo. ”

IKomidi le-UN liphinde latshela iKomidi le-Bioethics ukuthi izinhlangano zamazwe kumele "ziqede izinqubomgomo, izinhlinzeko zomthetho nezokuphatha ezivumela noma zenze ukwelashwa ngempoqo, njengoba kuwukwephulwa okuqhubekayo okutholakala emithethweni yezempilo yengqondo emhlabeni wonke, naphezu kobufakazi obunamandla obubonisa ukuthi ukuntuleka kokuphumelela kanye nemibono yabantu abasebenzisa izinhlelo zempilo yengqondo abaye babhekana nobuhlungu obujulile nokuhlukunyezwa ngenxa yokwelashwa okuphoqelekile. "

Imibhalo yengqungquthela ephelelwe yisikhathi

I-Committee on Bioethics of the Council of Europe nokho iqhubekile nenqubo yokubhala ithuluzi lomthetho elisha elingase libe khona ngokubhekisela embhalweni iKomidi ngokwalo elawuklama ngo-2011 owawunesihloko esithi: “Isitatimende SeNgqungquthela YeZizwe Ezihlangene Ngamalungelo Abantu Abakhubazekile”. Isitatimende esisephuzwini laso elibalulekile sibonakala sithinta i-UN CRPD nokho empeleni icubungula kuphela Ingqungquthela Yekomidi Lalo, I-Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, kanye nereferensi yayo - I-European Convention on Human Rights.

I-Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, i-Article 7 ichaza izimo zokuzivikela okufanele zibe khona uma umuntu onokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubucayi ebhekana nezinyathelo eziphoqelelayo kwezokwelashwa kwengqondo. Lesi sihloko siwumphumela nomzamo wokunciphisa umonakalo ongase udalwe uma I-Article 5 YeSivumelwano SaseYurophu Samalungelo Abantu senziwa ngomqondo wayo ongokoqobo.

I-European Convention on Human Rights eyabhalwa ngo-1949 nango-1950 yagunyaza ukuba kuncishwe “abantu abangaphilile engqondweni” unomphela ngaphandle kwesizathu sokuthi laba bantu banokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Umbhalo wakhiwe ngommeleli we-United Kingdom, iDenmark neSweden, eholwa amaNgisi ukuthi agunyaze i-Eugenics yabangela umthetho nezinqubo ezazikhona kulawa mazwe ngesikhathi kwakhiwa Isivumelwano.