IBhunga laseYurophu liye langena engxakini enkulu phakathi kwezivumelwano zalo ezimbini ezinemibhalo esekelwe kwimigaqo-nkqubo yocalucalulo ephelelwe lixesha ukususela kwinxalenye yokuqala yee-1900 kunye namalungelo oluntu anamhlanje akhuthazwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo. Oku kuya kucaca ngakumbi njengoko umbhalo ophikisanayo owayilwa yiKomiti yeBhunga laseYurophu kwiBioethics wawuza kuphononongwa. Kubonakala ngathi iiKomiti zeBhunga laseYurophu zibotshelelwe ngokunyanzelisa isicatshulwa seNgqungquthela esiqinisekisa ukuba Eugenics isiporho eYurophu.
IKomiti eLawulayo yamaLungelo oLuntu yeBhunga laseYurophu idibene ngoLwesine i-25 ngoNovemba ukuya phakathi kwabanye ukwaziswa ngomsebenzi webhodi elingaphantsi kwayo, iKomiti ye-Bioethics. Ngokukodwa, iKomiti yeBioethics ekwandisweni kweBhunga laseYurophu Ingqungquthela yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye neBiomedicine wayila isixhobo somthetho esitsha esinokubakho esilawula ukukhuselwa kwabantu ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kwamanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kunyango lwengqondo. Yayiza kuqukunjelwa kwintlanganiso yeKomiti ye-2 kaNovemba.
Kwinkqubo yokuyila esi sixhobo sisemthethweni esitsha esinokubakho (ngokobuchwephesha yiprothokholi yendibano), siye sahlala sigxekwa ngokuqhubekayo kunye noqhanqalazo oluvela. uluhlu olubanzi lwamaqela. Oku kuquka kwiinkqubo eziKhethekileyo zeZizwe eziManyeneyo, iBhunga lamaLungelo oLuntu leZizwe eziManyeneyo, iBhunga laseYurophu elinguMkomishinala wamaLungelo oLuntu, iNdibano yePalamente yeBhunga kunye nemibutho emininzi neengcali ezikhusela amalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo ngokwasengqondweni.
Umbhalo oyiliweyo unikezelwe kwiKomiti eLawulayo yamaLungelo oLuntu
UNobhala weKomiti ye-Bioethics, uNksz Laurence Lwoff, ngoLwesine wanikezela iKomidi yokuLawula amaLungelo oLuntu ngesigqibo seKomiti ye-Bioethics ukuba ingenzi ingxoxo yokugqibela yesicatshulwa kwaye ivotele imfuno yayo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwamalungelo oluntu ngamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokusemthethweni kwachazwa njengotshintsho lwevoti. Endaweni yokuthatha isikhundla sokugqibela malunga nokwamkelwa okanye ukwamkelwa kweProtocol esayilwayo, kwagqitywa ekubeni iKomiti mayivotele malunga nokuba ithumele okanye hayi ukuthumela isicatshulwa esiyilwayo kwiqumrhu elithatha izigqibo leBhunga, iKomiti yabaPhathiswa, “ngoonobumba abakhulu. kwisigqibo.” Oku kwaphawulwa yiKomiti Ekhokelayo Yamalungelo Abantu.
IKomiti yeBioethics ikuvumile oku ngevoti yesininzi ngexesha layo intlanganiso ngomhla wesi-2 kuNovemba. Kwakungekho ngaphandle kwamagqabaza athile. Ilungu leKomiti yaseFinland, uNksz Mia Spolander uvotele ukuhanjiswa kweprotocol equlunqiweyo, kodwa wachaza, ukuba "Oku akusiyo ivoti ekwamkelweni kombhalo woyilo lomthetho olongezelelweyo. Eli gqiza livotele ukutshintshelwa kwelinye ilizwe, kuba siyabona ukuba kwezi meko zikhoyo, le komiti ayinakuqhubela phambili ngaphandle kolunye ukhokelo oluvela kwiKomiti yabaPhathiswa. "
Wongeze ukuba ngelixa umntu efuna ukhuseleko olusemthethweni oluyimfuneko kubantu abaphantsi kokubekwa ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nonyango ngokuzenzekelayo kwiinkonzo zempilo yengqondo umntu "akanakungakhathaleli ukugxekwa kakhulu olu yilo." Amalungu ale komiti asuka eSwitzerland, Denmark naseBelgium enze ingxelo efanayo.
USihlalo weKomiti ye-Bioethics, uGqr Ritva Halila uxelele The European Times ukuba “Igqiza laseFinland livakalise iimbono zalo kwakhona lithathela ingqalelo izimvo ezahlukeneyo ezithunyelwe kuRhulumente ngamaqela awahlukeneyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo kukho iyantlukwano ngezimvo nangezimvo, njengakuyo yonke imiba enzima ekufuneka isonjululwe ekuqulunqweni kwemithetho yesizwe.”
Ukugxekwa kwesicatshulwa esiyilwayo
Uninzi lokugxekwa kwesixhobo esitsha somthetho esisayilwayo seBhunga laseYurophu sibhekiselele kwinguqu yeparadigm kwimbono kunye nesidingo sokuphunyezwa kwayo okwenzeka ngokwamkelwa kwi-2006 yoMnqophiso wamaLungelo oLuntu lwaMazwe ngaMazwe: i Ingqungquthela yamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo. INdibano ibhiyozela iyantlukwano yoluntu kunye nesidima somntu. Umyalezo wayo ophambili ngowokuba abantu abakhubazekileyo banelungelo lokufumana uluhlu olupheleleyo lwamalungelo oluntu kunye nenkululeko esisiseko ngaphandle kocalucalulo.
Ingcamango ephambili emva kweNgqungquthela kukusuka kwi-charity okanye indlela yonyango yokukhubazeka kwindlela yamalungelo oluntu. INkomfa ikhuthaza ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwabantu abakhubazekileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Icela umngeni kumasiko kunye nokuziphatha okusekelwe kwiingcamango ezisoloko zisoloko zisetyenziswa ngabantu abakhubazekileyo.
UGqr. Ritva Halila uxelele The European Times ukuba ugxininisa ukuba isixhobo somthetho esiqulunqiweyo esitsha (iprotocol) asingqubani ne-UN Convention of the Rights of Persons Disabilities (UN CRPD).
UGqr. Halila wacacisa wathi, “Isifo sisimo, esiqatha okanye esingapheliyo, esisekelwe ekutshintsheni umzimba, yaye sinokunyangeka okanye ubuncinane sithotywe. Ukukhubazeka kudla ngokuba yimeko ezinzileyo yomntu edla ngokungafuneki ukuba anyangwe. Ezinye izifo zengqondo zinokubangela isiphene ngokwasengqondweni okanye ngokwasengqondweni, kodwa abantu abaninzi abaneziphene abaweli kudidi lwale nkqubo.”
Wongeze ukuba “Ububanzi be-UN CRPD banzi kakhulu. Ayisekelwanga kuxilongo lwezonyango kodwa ngokufuthi ukungakwazi ukuzinza kunye nesidingo senkxaso ukuze ukwazi ukuphila ubomi obuqhelekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ezi ntetho ziyaxubana kodwa azifani. Kwakhona i-CRPD inokugquma abantu abanezigulo zengqondo ezingapheliyo ezinokuthi zibangele-okanye ezinokuthi zisekelwe-ukukhubazeka, kodwa ayizizo zonke izigulana zengqondo ezingabantu abakhubazekileyo. "
Ingqikelelo endala vs entsha yokukhubazeka
Le ngcamango yokukhubazeka ukuba yimeko engokwemvelo emntwini, nangona kunjalo kanye oko i-UN CRPD ijolise ekuyiphatheni. Ingcamango engeyiyo yokuba umntu onokuthi acingelwe ukuba uyakwazi ukuzibonelela, kufuneka "anyangwe" kuthintelo okanye ubuncinci uthintelo kufuneka luncitshiswe kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kulo mbono wakudala iimeko zokusingqongileyo aziqwalaselwa kwaye ukukhubazeka yingxaki yomntu. Abantu abakhubazekileyo bayagula kwaye kufuneka balungiswe ukuze bafikelele kwimeko yesiqhelo.
Inkqubo yamalungelo oluntu kukhubazeko eyamkelwa ziZizwe eziManyeneyo kukugqala abantu abakhubazekileyo njengabaphantsi kwamalungelo kunye noRhulumente kunye nabanye njengoxanduva lokuhlonela aba bantu. Le ndlela ibeka umntu kwiziko, hayi ukuthotywa kwakhe, athathele ingqalelo iinqobo ezisemgangathweni namalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo njengenxalenye yoluntu. Ijonga imiqobo eluntwini njengocalulo kwaye ibonelela ngeendlela abantu abakhubazekileyo ukuba bakhalaze ngazo xa bejongene nemiqobo enjalo. Le ndlela yokujonga amalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo ayiqhutywa luvelwano, kodwa sisidima nenkululeko.
Ngolu tshintsho lwembali lweparadigm, i-UN CRPD yenza umhlaba omtsha kwaye ifuna ukucinga okutsha. Ukuphunyezwa kwayo kufuna izisombululo ezitsha nokushiya ngasemva iimbono zangaphambili.
UGqr Ritva Halila ucaciswe ku The European Times ukuba ufunde inqaku le-14 le-UN CRPD kwiminyaka edlulileyo amaxesha amaninzi ngokumalunga nokulungiselela iProtocol. Kwaye ukuba "KwiNqaku le-14 le-CRPD ndigxininisa ukubhekiswa kumthetho kwizithintelo zenkululeko yomntu, kunye neziqinisekiso zokukhusela amalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo."
UGqr Halila waphawula ukuba "Ndivumelana ngokupheleleyo nomxholo weli nqaku, kwaye ndicinga kwaye nditolika ukuba akukho ukungavumelani neProtocol equlunqiweyo yeKomiti ye-Bioethics, nokuba iKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yabantu abakhubazekileyo ilitolike eli nqaku. ngenye indlela. Ndiye ndaxubusha oku nabantu abaliqela, amagqwetha Amalungelo Abantu kunye nabantu abaneziphene kuquka, yaye ngokokuqonda kwam, baye bavumelana nabo [iKomiti yeUN CRPR].”
IKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamaLungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo njengenxalenye yengxoxo kawonke-wonke kwi-2015 ikhuphe ingxelo engathandabuzekiyo kwiKomiti yeBhunga laseYurophu kwi-Bioethics ukuba "ukubekwa ngokuzithandela okanye ukufakwa kwamaziko abo bonke abantu abakhubazekileyo, kwaye ngokukodwa abantu abanengqondo okanye ingqondo yengqondo. Ukukhubazeka, kubandakanywa nabantu 'abanokuphazamiseka kwengqondo', akuvumelekanga kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yenqaku le-14 leNgqungquthela, kwaye kuthetha ukuhluthwa kwabantu abakhubazekileyo ngokungenamkhethe nangokunocalucalulo njengoko kuqhutywa ngokwesiseko sokonakala okukokwenyani okanye okucingelwayo. ”
IKomiti yeZizwe eziManyeneyo yaphinda yabonisa iKomiti ye-Bioethics ukuba amaqela e-States kufuneka "aphelise imigaqo-nkqubo, imimiselo yomthetho kunye nolawulo oluvumela okanye luqhube unyango olunyanzeliswayo, njengoko lulwaphulo oluqhubekayo olufumaneka kwimithetho yempilo yengqondo kulo lonke ihlabathi, nangona ubungqina obunobungqina obubonisa ukuba buyinyanzeliso yokunyanzeliswa okanye ukunyanzeliswa." ukungabikho kokusebenza kakuhle kunye nemibono yabantu abasebenzisa iinkqubo zempilo yengqondo abaye bafumana iintlungu ezinzulu kunye noxinzelelo ngenxa yonyango olunyanzelwayo. "
Izicatshulwa zengqungquthela eziphelelwe lixesha
IKomiti ye-Bioethics yeBhunga laseYurophu nangona kunjalo yaqhubeka nenkqubo yokuqulunqa isixhobo esitsha somthetho esinokubakho ngokubhekisele kwisicatshulwa iKomiti ngokwayo eyaqulunqa i-2011 enesihloko esithi: "Inkcazo ngeNgqungquthela yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ngamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo". Ingxelo kwinqaku layo eliphambili ibonakala ixhalabisa i-UN CRPD nangona kunjalo ngokwenene ithathela ingqalelo kuphela iNgqungquthela yeKomiti, iNgqungquthela Yamalungelo Abantu kunye neBiomedicine, kunye nembekiselo yayo - iEuropean Convention on Human Rights.
INgqungquthela yamaLungelo oLuntu kunye ne-Biomedicine, iSiqendu sesi-7 sichaza iimeko zokukhusela kufuneka zibe khona ukuba umntu onesifo sengqondo esibi kakhulu uxhomekeke kumanyathelo okunyanzeliswa kwengqondo. Eli nqaku lingumphumo kunye nokuzama ukunciphisa umonakalo onokuthi ubangelwe ukuba iSiqendu 5 seNgqungquthela YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu siphunyezwa ngokoqobo.
IEuropean Convention on Human Rights eyaqulunqwa ngowe-1949 nowe-1950 yagunyazisa ukuvinjwa “kwabantu abanengqondo ephilileyo” ngonaphakade ngenxa yokuba aba bantu baneziphene ngokwasengqondweni. Isicatshulwa senziwe ngummeli we-United Kingdom, iDenmark neSweden, ekhokelwa yiBritane ukugunyazisa i-Eugenics yabangela umthetho kunye nezenzo ezazikhona kula mazwe ngexesha lokuqulunqwa kweSivumelwano.
"Kanye ngendlela efanayo neNkomfa Yamalungelo Oluntu kunye neBiomedicine, imele iqondwe into yokuba iEuropean Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) sisixhobo esasungulwa ngo-1950 yaye umbhalo we-ECHR ubonisa indlela yokungahoywa nephelelwe lixesha ngokuphathelele amalungelo oluntu. abantu abakhubazekileyo. "
UNksz Catalina Devandas-Aguilar, uMthetheleli oKhethekileyo we-UN ngamalungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo
"Xa ehlabathini lonke kukho iinzame zokuguqula umgaqo-nkqubo wezempilo yengqondo, kuyasimangalisa ukuba iBhunga laseYurophu, umbutho omkhulu wamalungelo oluntu wengingqi, uceba ukwamkela isivumelwano esiya kuba ngumqobo ukubuyisela umva zonke izinto ezintle eYurophu kwaye impembelelo eyothusayo kwenye indawo ehlabathini."
Iingcali zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, kwingxelo ye-28 Meyi 2021 kwiBhunga laseYurophu. Isayinwe phakathi kwabanye i-Repporteur eKhethekileyo ngamalungelo kwimo ephezulu efikelelekayo yempilo yengqondo kunye nengqondo, i-Repporteur ekhethekileyo yamaLungelo abantu abakhubazekileyo kunye neKomiti ye-UN CRPD
